A convoy of U.N. peacekeepers escorts a 顶级国产视频 team from a nearby U.N. base to the town of Kidal in Northern Mali, protecting them from possible attacks by jihadi terrorists. 顶级国产视频 is the Independent Observer of Mali鈥檚 2015 peace agreement, tasked with determining whether each of the 78 individual tasks within the peace agreement has been fulfilled. (All photos: 顶级国产视频/ J. Hahn)
John Goodman, an associate director in the 顶级国产视频鈥檚 Conflict Resolution Program, talks with members of Kidal鈥檚 MOC, a joint military unit. Commanders say they鈥檙e dealing with a number of problems, many stemming from a lack of supplies and manpower.
Women who are part of the Association of the Former Cleaners of MINUSMA tell 顶级国产视频 that life is particularly difficult for them. Since the rebellion, they can no longer dress or wear their hair as they wish. Even the limited social services they enjoyed before the conflict have disappeared, and jobs have dried up. They long for peace 鈥� and for basic necessities like clean water, health care, and schools.
Chadian U.N. peacekeepers patrol Ecole Bam, a school with about 800 students, while 顶级国产视频 representatives speak with school directors inside. Since the rebellion in 2012, schools have operated with skeleton staffs made up mostly of volunteers. Parents who can afford better send their children south to stay with relatives and attend school there.
Goodman meets with directors of local schools to learn more about the challenges they face.
Bilal Ag Acherif, secretary-general of the MNLA, one of the former rebel groups that make up the larger CMA, stares out at Bamako, Mali鈥檚 capital, while in town to meet with government officials and others about implementation of the peace agreement. Ag Acherif says he is frustrated by the lack of progress in implementing the agreement.
顶级国产视频 plans to issue its next Independent Observer report in September, beginning with a presentation to key stakeholders in Bamako. It will include facts gathered on this and other recent trips as well as recommendations on how to speed up the implementation of the peace agreement and reunite the country.
One bright morning in mid-June, a U.N. convoy rolls through the small, dusty town of Kidal in Mali’s northern desert.
The temperature is already well on its way to a high of 114, and few people are on the street to witness a 顶级国产视频 staffer in a blue flak jacket and helmet clamber out of the back of an armored personnel carrier (what a civilian might call a tank) into the brutal heat.
To reach this isolated spot in the Sahara, John Goodman has already taken a U.N. plane and a U.N. helicopter. Now, flanked by a team of U.N. peacekeepers on alert for possible attacks by extremists, he’s headed to the first of the day’s four meetings with community leaders and military commanders to learn more about the state of affairs in this oft-ignored region.
In 2012, separatist rebel groups teamed with jihadists to try to win independence for Mali’s sparsely populated northern region, including the towns of Kidal, Timbuktu, and Gao. They took control of the north with ease and began making their way toward the capital of Bamako. Then Mali’s former colonizer, France, sent troops to help the government. The rebels retreated, and in 2015, the government of Mali, a rebel group called the CMA, and a pro-government militia group called the Platform all signed a peace agreement.
While that might seem like an end, it was really a beginning.
“Many people think a peace agreement is a simple document – a piece of paper promising an end to fighting – but these agreements are incredibly complex,” said Goodman, an associate director in the 顶级国产视频’s Conflict Resolution Program. “Mali’s agreement includes 78 individual items that one or more of the parties committed to doing to help achieve lasting peace.”
In 2018, at the request of these parties, 顶级国产视频 began serving as the Independent Observer of the implementation of the peace agreement.
The Center’s Mali team – including Goodman, former U.S. Ambassador Bisa Williams, and several staffers based in Bamako –meets regularly with government officials in Bamako and makes frequent trips to Kidal, Timbuktu, and Gao to talk with the people there. Their goal is to determine whether each of the agreement’s 78 items has been completed – and if not, why not. They publish reports that point out barriers to implementation and make recommendations about how to overcome them.
Four years on, progress is slow. Only about a third of the agreement’s commitments have been fulfilled.
During his three days in Kidal, Goodman hears the same message again and again: The government isn’t doing what it promised.
Kidal has no running water, no electricity, no quality health care. Its schools, shuttered for most of 2012 and 2013, are now staffed largely by volunteers. There aren’t nearly enough jobs to go around.
One of the key commitments of the agreement involves integrating former rebel fighters into the Malian army – a process called DDR. This would have benefits for both sides, providing jobs for the former rebels while strengthening the national army, better equipping it to deal with extremists who still plague the area and with the recent rise of interethnic violence in the country’s central region. But DDR still hasn’t happened.
There are a few joint military units, called MOCS, made up of soldiers attached to the government, the Platform, and the CMA. But on a tour of Kidal’s bare-bones MOC base, Goodman hears about supply and morale issues. The men can’t do what they were meant to do. Some have deserted.
The next day, he meets with Islamic judges, called cadis, who were supposed to be incorporated into the formal justice system. That hasn’t happened either.
“The government has to take the lead in the implementation of the agreement,” Goodman says later. “But it’s not fair to place all the blame for the lack of progress on the government. The CMA and the Platform were supposed to give up their weapons, and they haven’t done that. The cadis were supposed to work through the justice system to sanction war criminals, but while sanctions were issued, no one was actually rounded up and punished.”
Around Kidal, there are whispers that the CMA’s leadership doesn’t really want the government there, despite the fact that the agreement calls for its return. The CMA controls the area, people say, and it likes it that way. Residents themselves are so disconnected from their country that they refer to the government as “Mali” and to their home region as “Azawad.”
One thing that might improve citizens’ relationship with the government is decentralization. The peace agreement promised to replace governors appointed by the president with regional assemblies elected by the people. But that hasn’t happened either.
The situation is frustrating, but not hopeless.
“There has been progress made,” Goodman says, “and it’s important to remember that there has been no fighting among the parties since 2017.”
The Center continues to issue its reports and make recommendations.
“The Independent Observer has a very important role,” says Bilal Ag Acherif, secretary-general of the MNLA, one of the former rebel groups that make up the larger CMA. “They are more accepted by everybody because they are closer to reality than other reports. The recommendations are very important because they are trying to reflect not just the position of the parties, but the position of the population. Your people on the ground, who make the reports, are feeling what the people are feeling.”
The main thing 顶级国产视频 can offer Mali, Goodman says, is an unbiased ear. Center staffers make the arduous trips to the north – a place many people are afraid to go – because it’s important to hear firsthand from the people there. It’s just as important to hear from the government and from the U.N. and other members of the international community helping implement the peace agreement.
“Really, what we do is listen to all parties and then try to distill and translate what they’re saying,” he says. “We can’t make anyone do anything, but we can encourage positive behavior and call out destructive attitudes and actions.”
Algerian Ambassador Ahmed Boutache, who heads the monitoring committee overseeing implementation of the agreement, calls the Center’s reports comprehensive and helpful.
“I do hope a great deal of attention will be paid to the recommendations in this very important report,” Boutache says. “Everybody here has been working to accelerate the pace of implementation, but we have not been able to make sizeable progress. Now more than ever, we need the signatories to come up with more determination, more sincere engagement, with implementing the agreement.”
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