顶级国产视频

Feb. 21, 2024
Uncovering the Depths of UXO Contamination: A Town-Level Analysis of Three Areas in Syria (PDF)
Alongside armed combat and a dire socioeconomic downturn in Syria, civilians must continue to navigate the hidden threat of unexploded ordnance (UXO). The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs estimates that half of people in Syria are living in areas contaminated with explosive ordnance.

July-September 2023
Quarterly Review of Syrian Political and Military Dynamics
| PDF
顶级国产视频’s latest quarterly review examines the emergence of protests in the southern Syrian governorate of As-Sweida and the outbreak of conflict in the northern Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. Both events detail Syrian civilians' ongoing frustration and dissatisfaction with the government of Syria (GoS) and the interconnectedness of the Syrian conflict.

April-June 2023
Quarterly Review of Syrian Political and Military Dynamics (PDF)
| PDF
顶级国产视频’s latest quarterly review examines the reacceptance of the Government of Syria (GoS) into the Arab League, which is widely seen as an acknowledgment of that government’s “victory” in the Syrian conflict and shifts in regional priorities. But conflict and instability in Syria persist.

September 2023
Unexploded Ordnance Threatens Food Security in Syria (PDF)
Unexploded ordnance (UXO) contamination seriously hinders Syria’s recovery from civil war. The problem not only affects immediate physical safety but also undermines the nation's food security. Omnipresent UXO denies access to arable land, water sources, and infrastructure, exacerbating aid dependence. Additionally, UXO intensifies land degradation by contributing to the overcultivation of uncontaminated lands, leading to intensive farming practices that can degrade soil and deplete its nutrients. Overcultivation also depletes water resources and leads to soil erosion. All these factors further stress Syria’s already weakened food production capabilities.

August 2023
After the Turkish Elections, Now What for Syria? (PDF)
On May 28, 2023, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan solidified his 20‐year rule as Turkey's premier by winning the latest presidential election. Despite facing challenges, including a declining economy and the aftermath of a devastating earthquake, Erdoğan's relationship with the government of Syria (GoS) played a crucial role in the elections and their aftermath.

July 11, 2023
Effectiveness of Humanitarian Exceptions to Sanctions: Lessons from the Syria Earthquake (PDF)
The adoption of several humanitarian carveouts under several Syria-related autonomous sanctions regimes – in response to February 2023’s devastating earthquake – has been strongly welcomed by the humanitarian community. The exceptions adopted by the United States (US), European Union (EU), United Kingdom (UK), and Switzerland are designed to facilitate transactions in relation to relief efforts and the purchase of oil and petroleum-related products in Syria, particularly by humanitarian actors. They differ in terms of scope of activities authorized, breadth of actors covered, and their duration. This article seeks to map the main characteristics of each exception and assesses them in terms of benefits, ongoing challenges, and areas for potential improvement to inform future sanctions policies.

January-March 2023
Quarterly Review of Syrian Political and Military Dynamics
| PDF
顶级国产视频’s latest quarterly examines the impact of the deadly earthquakes on northern Syria and southern Turkey. The earthquake that took place in early February killed over 7,000 people in Syria alone, exacerbating an already dire humanitarian situation. The earthquakes provided a rare opportunity for the various parties in Syria, as well as the international community, to cooperate to alleviate the disaster. Despite some incidents, the earthquakes led to a significant drop-in overall recorded conflict activity, resulting in the lowest activity level reported in the last 2 years of conflict in Syria. International actors should find ways to maintain reduced levels of conflict across Syria.

Jan. 10, 2023
Report on Advancing Peace Through Health in Mali (PDF)
(en français)
顶级国产视频's Peace Through Health Initiative in central Mali organized a baseline study on security dynamics, levels of inclusion, and trust in government officials in the 19 health areas targeted for the Initiative, or project designed in collaboration with local and regional branches of Mali’s Ministry of Health to use health services as an entry point to long-term peacebuilding. The goal of the study was to measure the impact of activities by collecting and analyzing core indicators on the population's attitudes toward conflict, access to health services, and related issues.

October - December 2022
The Quarterly Review on Syrian Political and Military Dynamics
| PDF
The Center’s latest quarterly assess the latest political and security dynamics in the Syrian conflict: (1) Russia’s increased focus on Ukraine has led to a reshuffling of its forces in Syria; (2) Turkish President Erdoğan’s difficult reelection campaign has influenced a partial outreach to the Government of Syria (GoS), raising the specter of a potential reconciliation between the two countries. This caused concern among opposition groups who have relied on Turkey for political and military support; (3) Turkish armed forces carried out an air campaign against the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in retaliation for the November terrorist attack in Istanbul, which Turkish authorities accorded to the PKK and its Syrian affiliate the YPG; (4) Throughout central and southern Syria, anti-ISIS operations partially stemmed the group’s capabilities. But concerted and coordinated action is needed to eliminate the group militarily, and a political solution is needed to provide stability and provide good governance in territories formerly controlled by ISIS; (5) Tensions among the various factions of the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) provided an opportunity for Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) to clash with subordinate SNA forces; (6) Tensions among the various factions of the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) provided an opportunity for Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) to clash with subordinate SNA forces; and (7) INGOs and other international organizations worked to quickly battle the cholera outbreak in Syria.

Dec. 6, 2022
Mali Independent Observer Focuses on Reconciliation, Justice, and Humanitarian Issues in Latest Report (PDF) | (en français)
顶级国产视频, which serves as the Independent Observer of the implementation of Mali’s 2015 peace agreement, released a new report today that focuses on the reconciliation, justice, and humanitarian issues laid out in Title V of the agreement.

July - September 2022
The Quarterly Review on Syrian Political and Military Dynamics
| PDF
This quarter, tensions between the Government of Syria (GoS) and former opposition armed groups led to two GoS-initiated sieges in Dara’a Governorate. In addition, local As-Sweida militias mobilized to dismantle two GoS-backed militias in the Governorate. There was a significant increase in conflict-related activity reported in northwest Syria: GoS armed forces increased the use of artillery shelling. The already dire humanitarian situation worsened as a major cholera outbreak was recorded throughout Syria. International isolation and sectoral sanctions are exacerbating the deterioration of vital infrastructure and decreasing the ability to respond to health crises. Further, punitive measures are a contributing factor to the crowding out of legitimate economic activity and shoring up an increasingly illicit economy and narco-trade, benefiting those in power. Further, civilians, especially children, continued to be impacted by the high volume of unexploded ordnance in Syria. At least seven children were killed by explosive remnants in one week in just one region of Syria alone.

From a security perspective:
• This quarter saw a significant reduction in Russian airstrikes on NW Syria. Despite Turkish rhetoric of a possible new invasion, the overall level of conflict between Turkey and the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) decreased as Turkey relied on its drones to eliminate SDF figures.
• The SDF undertook a new operation in the Al-Hol camp to clear out ISIS cells. However, ISIS continues to threaten nearly all parties in Syria. Tensions between the various factions in the conflict have allowed ISIS to persist and move across multiple areas of control.
• GoS armed forces besieged the towns of Tafas and Jasim in Dara’a Governorate, demonstrating the continued instability in the South.

April - June 2022
The Quarterly Review on Syria Military and Security Dynamics
| PDF
This quarter, the threat of a new Turkish military offensive led to increased conflict in northern Syria. In addition, intense clashes between Turkish-backed armed opposition groups in Aleppo Governorate provided the opportunity for Hayat Tahrir al-Sham to enter Turkish-held Syria temporarily. Within the Government of Syria (GoS) controlled territory, there was an increase in assassinations and clashes between GoS armed forces and local armed groups in southern Syria. Increased violence and conflict threaten to exacerbate the already dire humanitarian situation.

• Civilians continue to be impacted by the high volume of unexploded ordnance in Syria. A deadly incident killed up to 10 civilians returning from a wheat harvest and another injured three children collecting plants.
• During the second quarter of 2022, the count of conflict events significantly increased compared to the previous three months. Contrary to speculations, Russian presence in Syria continues to be strong even throughout the Ukraine war. However, this has led to a breakdown in diplomatic negotiations over Syria.
• Turkey threatened to launch a new offensive against the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces, increasing tensions and clashes between the two factions. As of this writing, the threat of a new invasion remains probable.
• While conflict continued to escalate in northern Syria, a significant increase in assassinations in Dara’a Governorate targeting officials and soldiers with the GoS armed forces indicates worrying signs of deterioration in the South.
• The GoS armed forces undertook military efforts to quash an opposing As-Sweida military and political group.
• Conflict events involving ISIS also decreased this quarter over the last, although the terror group did not publicly claim many of the events they likely initiated.

June 2022
Report of the Independent Observer: Observations on the implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, Resulting from the Algiers Process (PDF) | (En français)
This report presents the observations of 顶级国产视频 in its role as the Independent Observer of the implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, resulting from the Algiers process, for the period between January and July 2021. The Independent Observer carries out its mandate through observation of meetings and activities related to the implementation of the agreement, including the Agreement Monitoring Committee (CSA) sessions, the CSA subcommittees, and the Technical Security Committee (CTS).

May 2022
Report on the Seminar on the Independent Observer’s Observations and Recommendations (PDF) | En français
On Feb. 16 and 17, 2022, the Independent Observer of the Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, resulting from the Algiers Process (Agreement), organized a seminar with key stakeholders on its observations and recommendations about the implementation of the agreement. The seminar was held under the auspices of the Ministry of National Reconciliation, Peace, and Social Cohesion, in collaboration with the Office of the High Representative of the President of the Transition for the implementation of the Agreement and all the parties to the Agreement.

March 2022
A Call for Action: Data on Unexploded Ordnance in Syria and Its Implications
| PDF
Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) present a unique and present danger in Syria, impacting civilian life, economic activity, and environmental health. This report examines the massive concentration of potentially deadly explosive remanants of war, explaining why engagement on this issue is so crucial.

March 2022
The State of the Syrian National Army: Shifting Networks of the Turkish-backed Armed Opposition in Syria’s Northwest
| PDF
The Syrian National Army (SNA) has been heralded by some as a point of unity for the armed opposition in Syria, a counterbalance to the power of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham. This report examines the SNA’s role in the field and its changing organizational composition.

January - March 2022
The Quarterly Review on Syria Military and Security Dynamics
| PDF
The war in Syria remains frozen this quarter with little to no attempts by any of the belligerents to take new territory and continued stagnation in negotiations to end the war. The outbreak of war in Ukraine correlated with a decrease in conflict events in Syria concerns of combatants potentially traveling to eastern Europe to fight. In addition, Syria relies heavily on Russian wheat exports for its food supply. The war has caused food prices to soar in Syria and other parts of the region, leading to a massive increase in food insecurity. As the war in Ukraine continues, this could further impact dynamics in Syria. Unexploded ordnance (UXO) remains a major challenge across Syria with at least 248 reported detonations killing and maiming civilians since January 2021. Despite the lack of major military offensives, the number of civilians being impacted by UXOs have increased.

October–December 2021
Syria Quarterly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
The war in Syria remains frozen this quarter, with little to no attempts by any of the belligerents to take new territory. Despite this freeze, Syria was a far cry from peaceful this quarter, especially as each territory endured instability through their share of internal conflict.

November 2021
Monthly Conflict Summary
| PDF
Attacks against former opposition fighters and Government of Syria (GoS) soldiers by unidentified armed actors continued in Dara’a Governorate. The Druze-led Counter-Terrorism Force clashed with GoS-backed National Defense Forces in As-Sweida Governorate. GoS began a new settlement process – allowing former opposition and wanted individuals to defer military conscription – for the areas under its control in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

November 2021
Russia, the European Union, and the Gulf Cooperation Council in Syria: from Punishment to 'Infitah'?
There is a new buzzword among the Syrian elite today — “infitah” or “openness.” Syria has been under debilitating U.S.-led sanctions for a decade. Local politicians, entrepreneurs, and scholars have begun to place hope on the prospects that recent Global Cooperation Council (GCC) contacts with Damascus as part of “al-infitah al-Khaliji” or “the Arab Gulf opening” will lead to increased humanitarian and reconstruction assistance from European countries (“European infitah” or “infitah Uwruba”), which would help mitigate the impacts of those sanctions. At the same time, in any scenario of support to Syria, Russia would necessarily be part of the equation. This paper discusses how Russia’s strategic goals in Syria relate to the European Union (EU) and GCC’s positions toward increased engagement and where areas of correlation could be used to facilitate an economic opening for an improved humanitarian and socio-economic situation in Syria.

October 2021
Monthly Conflict Summary
| PDF
Conflict between the Turkish armed forces and their allies and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) escalate across northern Syria. Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) conducts military operation against two of its rivals in northern Lattakia Governorate. Government of Syria (GoS) completes new settlement agreements in Dara’a Governorate.

July–September 2021
Quarterly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
NORTHWEST | Violence continued between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups in northwest Syria. The Turkish-backed opposition’s Syrian National Army (SNA) faced internal splits. Conflict between Turkish armed forces and Kurdish armed groups escalated in northern Syria. SOUTH & CENTRAL | Fighting between the former opposition and GoS armed forces escalated with the siege of Dara’a al-Balad. A new political party in As-Sweida Governorate caused tensions with GoS. NORTHEAST | GoS armed forces and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued operations against ISIS.

Oct. 20, 2021
Sanctions Relaxation and Conflict Resolution: Lessons from Past Sanctions Regimes (PDF) (بالعربية)
This report begins with a brief survey of the relationships between sanctions and conflict resolution. Next, elements of sanctions relief are identified in general terms, ranging on a continuum from initial confidence-building measures to full termination of all sanctions. An extensive list of different types of relief measures is identified, providing a range of policy options on easing existing sanctions measures, but multiple combinations of different relief measures are typically employed in practice. The report examines 11 cases of sanctions relaxation by the U.N., EU, and U.S. and groups them according to four different relaxation strategies: (1) goodwill gestures and easing of sanctions implementation and exemptions; (2) selective delistings of individuals and entities; (3) sanctions suspensions; and (4) sequenced partial lifting of sanctions measures. The resulting analysis highlights lessons learned from previous and ongoing sanctions relaxations, and the report concludes with their potential application to current sanctions imposed in reaction to the decade-long Syria conflict.

Aug. 23, 2021
Report of the Independent Observer: Observations on the Implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, Resulting from the Algiers Process (PDF) (En français)
顶级国产视频, which serves as the Independent Observer of Mali’s 2015 peace agreement, today released a new report that notes improved dialogue between the agreement’s signatories in recent months, while also highlighting the lack of progress on the most important issues and suggesting ways to make headway on implementing the agreement.

August 2021
Monthly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
Internal tensions within the Turkish-backed opposition’s Syrian National Army persist. Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces shell the neighborhood of Dara’a al-Balad, Dara’a Governorate. Turkey conducts drone strikes against the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces in northeast Syria.

July 19-25, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
Israeli airstrikes kill two Iranian-backed militia commanders in Aleppo and Homs Governorates. Protesters denounce kidnapping gangs in As-Sweida Governorate. The Government of Syria and former opposition fighters agree to end the siege of Dara’a city. The U.S. conducts airstrikes against ISIS near Al-Hassakah city.

July 23, 2021
Tent of Nations Background (PDF)
The Tent of Nations, a family farm and center where “people from many different countries come together to learn, to share, and to build bridges of understanding and hope,” urgently needs support and solidarity from the international community in the wake of the destruction carried out recently on the Nassar family’s land and other escalating threats they have received since the 2019 completion of their land re-registration application.

July 12-18, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
Fighting between the Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups continue as civilians are displaced by the violence. A GoS military official threatens to destroy the Omari Mosque as the siege continues in Dara’a city. U.S. armed forces and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces continue anti-ISIS operations in northeast Syria.

July 5-11, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
The United Nations Security Council reaches an agreement to continue humanitarian aid delivery in northwest Syria. The Russian-backed 5th Corps raids the village of Mataeiyeh, eastern Dara’a Governorate. Iranian-backed militias attack U.S. armed forces in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

April–June 2021
Quarterly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
NORTHWEST | Violence continued between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups in northwest Syria. Conflict between Turkish armed forces and Kurdish armed groups escalated in northern Syria. Hayat Tahrir al-Sham arrested its rivals within opposition-controlled territory. SOUTH & CENTRAL | The Syrian presidential election led to widespread protests in Dara’a Governorate. Attacks against GoS and former opposition groups escalated in southern Syria, leading to sieges in Quneitra and Dara’a Governorates. NORTHEAST | GoS armed forces and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued operations against ISIS. GoS and the Kurdish Autonomous Administration criticized Turkey for restricting the water flow of the Euphrates River, raising concerns of a water crisis in Syria and Iraq. Tensions between GoS and the SDF escalated into clashes in Qamishli city.

June 21-27, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
Fighting between the Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups escalate in northwest Syria. Russian and GoS armed forces besiege Dara’a city. Fighting between Turkish armed forces and their Syrian opposition allies against the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces escalate in the Tell Abiad region, Ar-Raqqa Governorate.

June 14-20, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
Fighting between the Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups continue to escalate in northwest Syria. Unidentified gunmen attack Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and former opposition fighters in Dara’a and Quneitra Governorates. GoS armed forces and allies launch a new anti-ISIS operation in the Badia desert region of eastern Syria. Tensions increase between the Kurdish Autonomous Administration (KAA) and the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq after a KAA delegation was detained in Erbil, Iraq.

June 7-13, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
Turkey accuses Kurdish armed groups of attacking a hospital in Afrin, Aleppo Governorate. Israel attacks Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces positions in Rural Damascus and Homs Governorates. The opposition’s Sharqiya Brigade clash with Iranian-backed militia fighters in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

May 31-June 6, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
| PDF
The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) cracks down on anti-conscription protests in Manbij, Aleppo Governorate. The Government of Syria (GoS) offers to defer military service for people wanted in southern Syria. ISIS assassinates a prominent religious leader in Deir-ez-Zor city.

May 24-30, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
| PDF
Clashes continue between the Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups in northwest Syria. President Bashar Assad is re-elected for a fourth presidential term. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) escalate conscription campaign.

May 17-23, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
| PDF
Former opposition fighters from Um Batna, Quneitra Governorate are stranded at the Abu Zendin crossing, Aleppo Governorate. Unidentified gunmen attack Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and former opposition fighters in Dara’a Governorate. Protests erupt after the Kurdish Autonomous Administration (KAA) raised fuel prices in Al-Hassakah Governorate.

May 2021
An Avoidable Crisis: The July 2021 Expiration of Syria’s Cross-Border Humanitarian Aid Mechanism and Potential Solutions (PDF)
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2533 (2020), authorizing a single humanitarian aidcrossing into Syria (Bab al-Hawa in the northwest) for 12 months, will expire on July 10, 2021.This crossing serves the population in the non-government-controlled northwest area. This paper explains the sources of contention between international stakeholders regarding crossborder humanitarian aid delivery to Syria and provides possible options for reauthorization in July.

May 10-16, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
| PDF
The violent extremist Ansar Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq Squadron killed a Turkish soldier in Idlib Governorate. Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces, Russia, and the Central Committee of Dara’a agreed to end the siege of Um Batna, Quneitra Governorate. GoS and the Kurdish Autonomous Administration criticized Turkey for restricting the water flow of the Euphrates River.

May 3-9, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
| PDF
Israel launched airstrikes against Iranian-backed militias in Lattakia and Hama Governorates. Tensions escalated following kidnappings between armed groups in Dara’a and As-Sweida Governorates. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and U.S. armed forces launched a new anti-ISIS security campaign in northern Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

April 26-May 2, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
| PDF
Conflict between Turkish armed forces and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued in Aleppo Governorate. Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and Hezbollah blockaded the village of Um Batna, Quneitra Governorate. Russian armed forces began patrols in Qamishli city, Al-Hassakah Governorate.

April 19-25, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
| PDF
Clashes continue between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups in northwest Syria. GoS anti-aircraft missile lands near Dimona, Israel. Kurdish security forces capture a GoS-controlled neighborhood in Qamishli, Al-Hassakah Governorate.

April 12-18, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
Russian armed forces temporarily withdrew from the Tall Refaat region, Aleppo Governorate. Russian and Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces continued operations against ISIS in the Badia desert region of central Syria. A new opposition military council was allegedly formed in southern Syria. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces continued their conscription campaign in territories under their control.

April 5-11, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
HTS initiated a new security campaign against its rivals in opposition-controlled territory. Israel conducted airstrikes against Iranian-backed militias in Damascus and Rural Damascus Governorates. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces continued operations against ISIS in northeast Syria.

March 2021
Summary of Discussions with Palestinian Civil Society, 顶级国产视频, and The Elders, March 2021 ملخص المناقشات مع المجتمع المدني الفلسطيني، مركز كارتر والحكماء، آذار 2021
On March 4, 2021, 顶级国产视频 and The Elders convened a virtual workshop with 16 newgeneration Palestinian civil society and thought leaders to support emerging voices promoting a rights-based approach to peace and justice in Palestine. Palestinian civil society representatives from across geographical areas participated: 1948 Palestinians; the diaspora (based in the U.S., Europe, and Lebanon); Gaza Strip; and the West Bank. Lakhdar Brahimi, former Algerian foreign minister and U.N. diplomat, represented The Elders. The workshop follows a listening exercise undertaken jointly by 顶级国产视频 and The Elders in 2020-2021.

January–March 2021
Quarterly Conflict Summary
PDF
Northwest | Violence continued between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and opposition armed groups in northwest Syria. Attacks against Hayat Tahrir al-Sham and Turkish armed forces increased in Idlib Governorate. Attacks against Turkish armed forces, Turkish-backed armed opposition groups and civilians also increased in Turkish-held territory in Aleppo Governorate. South and Central | Attacks against GoS and former opposition groups continued in Dara’a Governorate. Israeli airstrikes against Iranian assets increased across Syria. Northeast | Tensions between the GoS and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) escalated in Al-Hassakah Governorate. ISIS activities increased in the Badia desert region of Syria and Al-Hol camp.

March 22-28, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
Protests were held against a Russian proposal to reopen internal crossings in northwest Syria. Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces sent reinforcements as tensions continued in Dara’a Governorate. Opposition parties announced the creation of a new political coalition in Damascus. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) began a security campaign to arrest ISIS operatives in Al-Hol Camp, Al-Hassakah Governorate.

March 15-21, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
Tensions escalated in the northwest after the Government of Syria (GoS) bombed a hospital in Atareb, Aleppo Governorate. In the south, a local militia ambushed and killed at least 20 GoS soldiers in Mzerieb, Dara’a Governorate. In the northeast, clashes continued between the Turkish armed forces and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces in Ain Issa, Ar-Raqqa Governorate. Protestors commemorated the 10th anniversary of the 2011 Syrian uprising.

March 8-14, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
 | PDF
Turkey relocated part of its military presence from western Aleppo Governorate to Idlib Governorate. Attacks against former opposition fighters and Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces continued in Dara’a Governorate. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued operations against ISIS in northeast Syria. 

March 1-7, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
| PDF
Violence escalated in Aleppo Governorate after Russia bombed an oil refinery in Turkish-held territory. Attacks against former opposition fighters and Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces continued in Dara’a Governorate. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) expanded its conscription campaign in Ar-Raqqa Governorate.

March 2021
U.S. Domestic Political Violence Mitigation in Select Localities
From September 2020 through January 2021, 顶级国产视频, in partnership with Princeton University’s Bridging Divides Initiative and Cure Violence Global, implemented a pilot project that attempted to mitigate violence surrounding the November election in a select number of U.S. communities. This project complemented and was reinforced by a parallel 顶级国产视频 project designed to bolster confidence in the U.S. electoral process.

Feb. 22-28, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
| PDF
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham and Turkish-backed armed opposition groups cracked down on rival armed groups in northwest Syria. Protests in Northwest Syria denounced the forthcoming presidential election. GoS armed forces and local militias clashed in southern Syria. US armed forces bombarded Iranian-backed militias in Al-Bukamal, Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

Feb. 15-21, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary
| PDF
Attacks against civilians and Turkish-backed armed opposition groups continued in Aleppo Governorate. Under Russian mediation, Israel and the Government of Syria (GoS) exchanged prisoners. Disputes in Northeast Syria between pro-GoS forces resulted in armed confrontations. Turkey agreed with Russia to supply wheat and grains to GoS-controlled territory.

Feb. 8-14, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary

Turkey and Russia held joint military exercises in Idlib Governorate. Turkish-backed armed opposition groups clashed in Afrin, Aleppo Governorate. Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and former opposition fighters reached an agreement to end the siege of Tafas, Dara’a Governorate. Protests in support of teachers detained by the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces continued in Al-Hassakah Governorate.

Feb. 1-7, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary

Clashes continued between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups in northwest Syria. Attacks against former opposition fighters and GoS armed forces continued as tensions persisted over the siege of Tafas, Dara’a Governorate. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) launched a new anti-ISIS campaign in northeast Syria. The SDF and Russia came to an agreement to end the sieges in Al-Hassakah and Aleppo governorates.

Jan. 25-31, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary

A string of bombings targeted Turkish-held areas in Aleppo Governorate. Violence escalated as negotiations continued over Tafas, Dara’a Governorate. Protests erupted after a Government of Syria (GoS) official insulted a Druze religious leader in As-Sweida Governorate. Standoff between the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces and GoS armed forces continued in Al-Hassakah Governorate.

Jan. 18-24, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary

Israel conducted airstrikes against Government of Syria (GoS) and Iranian targets in Hama Governorate. GoS armed forces besieged the town of Tafas, western Dara’a Governorate. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued their siege of GoS-held neighborhoods in Qamishli, Al-Hassakah Governorate.

Jan. 11-17, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary

Hayat Tahrir al-Sham clashed with an ISIS cell in Idlib Governorate. Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces attempted to arrest members of a kidnapping gang in As-Sweida Governorate. Israel conducted airstrikes against Iranian targets in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

Jan. 4-10, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary

Turkey sent reinforcements to secure the M4 Highway in the northwest. Ahrar al-Sham appointed a new leader to end infighting. A new armed group claimed responsibility for an attack against a Hayat Tahrir al-Sham checkpoint in Idlib Governorate. Israel conducted airstrikes against Government of Syria (GoS) and Hezbollah targets in Rural Damascus and As-Sweida Governorates. GoS and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) clashed in Qamishli, Al-Hassakah Governorate.

January 2021
A Path to Conflict Transformation in Syria | الطريق نحو تحويل النزاع في سوريا: إطار عمل لمقاربةٍ مرحلية
Over the past year, Syria has seen less violence than at any other point since the civil war began 10 years ago. But the country remains in crisis: None of the main drivers of the conflict have been resolved, human rights abuses are rampant, regional tensions are acute, and increased U.S. sanctions are contributing to a spiraling economic crisis. These factors are exacerbating the country’s already desperate humanitarian situation and sowing the seeds of future instability.

Dec. 14, 2020-Jan. 3, 2021
Weekly Conflict Summary

Turkey withdrew from its last military base in Government of Syria (GoS)-controlled territory in northwest Syria. Clashes continued between GoS armed forces and armed opposition groups in northwest Syria. Attacks against former opposition fighters and GoS armed forces continued in Dara’a Governorate. Clashes continued between Turkish armed forces and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces in Ain Issa, northeastern Ar-Raqqa Governorate. ISIS ambushed a GoS transport, killing 25 GoS soldiers in western Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

December 2020
The Unintended Consequences of U.S. and European Unilateral Measures on Syria’s Economy and Its Small and Medium Enterprises | العواقب غير المنتظرة للتدابير الأحادية الجانب المفروضة على الاقتصاد السوري وشركاته الصغيرة والمتوسطة
The devastating explosion at the Port of Beirut on Aug. 4, 2020, and its drastic humanitarian consequences have shed light on the deteriorating social and economic situation in Lebanon, and its impact on Syria.

Dec. 16, 2020
 () 
() ()
顶级国产视频, which serves as the Independent Observer of Mali’s 2015 peace agreement, today released its year-end report, which finds that the lack of commitment by the parties – combined with the sociopolitical crisis, the coup d'état, the establishment of the Transition, and the COVID-19 pandemic – greatly limited the progress of implementation in 2020.

Dec. 7-13, 2020
(interactive map)
Fighting between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups continued in northwest Syria. Unidentified armed groups attacked GoS soldiers in Dara’a Governorate. GoS and Russian armed forces held military drills near the Israeli-Occupied Golan Heights. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces agreed with Russia and the GoS over Ain Issa, Ar-Raqqa Governorate.

Nov. 30-Dec. 6, 2020
(interactive map)
Turkish armed forces established new military bases in Idlib Governorate following their withdrawal from outposts in Government of Syria (GoS)-controlled territory. GoS armed forces and former opposition fighters negotiated a new settlement agreement. The predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) faced pressure to give GoS administrative control of Ain Issa, Ar-Raqqa Governorate.

Nov. 23-29, 2020
(interactive map)
Conflict between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups decreased in northwest Syria. GoS armed forces arrested members of the Russian-backed 8th Brigade of the 5th Corps in Karak, Dara’a Governorate. Turkish armed forces continued to clash with the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces and other Kurdish groups across northern Syria.

Nov. 19, 2020
Summary of Discussion with Diaspora Palestinians, 顶级国产视频 and The Elders, November 2020
On September 30, 2020, 顶级国产视频 and The Elders jointly hosted an online consultation with “1948 Palestinian” civil society and thought leaders. This was the fourth in a series of similar consultations with Palestinian civil society leaders from the West Bank and Gaza and their counterparts from Israel.

Nov. 16-22, 2020
(interactive map)
A senior Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces officers was killed in clashes with ISIS in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. Israel conducted airstrikes against Iranian and GoS targets in Damascus. Turkish armed forces established a new military base in Ain Issa, Ar-Raqqa Governorate.

Nov. 13, 2020
Explosive Weapons Use in Syria, Report 4 |
In report 4 of 顶级国产视频’s series on explosive munitions contamination in Syria, this nontechnical study aims to analyze and visualize conflict data to show the distribution and type of explosive weapons used in Al Hassakeh, Ar Raqqa, and Deir Ez Zor governorates. This study recorded at least 22,964 uses of explosive munitions from 7,326 conflict events between October 2013 and May 2019 in northeast Syria. This figure is likely to increase when 2020 data is added. About 64% (14,593) of the total explosive munitions used in the northeast of Syria were air-dropped munitions and 30% (7,008) were ground-launched munitions.

Nov. 9-15, 2020
(interactive map)
Conflict between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups escalated in northwest Syria. GoS armed forces besieged the southern town of Karak, Dar’aa Governorate. The Russian-backed 5th Corps withdrew from Qarayya, As-Sweida Governorate. Turkish armed forces and Turkish-backed armed opposition groups clashed with the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).

Nov. 2-8, 2020
(interactive map)
Turkey intervened in Ahrar al-Sham’s internal rebellion. Former opposition leaders announced the creation of a new unified committee for Dara’a Governorate. Local militias clashed with a kidnapping gang in As-Sweida Governorate. The Kurdish Autonomous Administration extended its COVID-related curfew in northeast Syria.

Nov. 2, 2020
(interactive map)
This report is a follow up to the 顶级国产视频’s May 2020 report, “The Armed Opposition in Northwest Syria”. The previous report highlighted the tensions between Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and the more hardline non-state armed groups operating in opposition-controlled territory. This report covers current relations among the broad range of armed groups and maps out latest developments. While tensions still exist, HTS largely succeeded in countering the threat posed by more hardline groups during heavy clashes in June 2020 and has maintained an aggressive stance towards remaining factions.

Oct. 26-Nov.1 , 2020
(interactive map)
Conflict escalated in northwest Syria after Russia bombed a Turkish-backed armed opposition group in Idlib Governorate. Protests erupt in Dara’a and As-Sweida Governorates. Protests against French President Emmanuel Macron statements on Islam are held throughout Syria.

Oct. 19-25, 2020
(interactive map)
Turkish armed forces evacuated from Morek, Hama Governorate, as tensions escalated in northwest Syria. A US drone strike killed multiple violent extremist leaders in Idlib Governorate. An unidentified armed group killed the Mufti of Damascus in Rural Damascus Governorate. Turkish armed forces and Turkish-backed armed opposition groups attacked Ain Issa, Ar-Raqqa Governorate.

Oct. 12-18, 2020
(interactive map)
A U.S. drone strike killed two Hurras al-Din leaders in Idlib Governorate. An Ahrar al-Sham military leader rebelled against the group’s leadership in Lattakia Governorate. Unidentified gunmen assassinated a prominent former opposition leader in Dara’a Governorate. The US expanded its military presence as pro-government forces began new recruitment campaigns in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

Oct. 5-11, 2020
(interactive map)
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) clashes continued with other armed actors in the areas of its control. 25,000 are displaced as fires erupt throughout Lattakia Governorate. The Kurdish Autonomous Administration (KAA) in northeast Syria announces the release of Syrian detainees from al-Hol camp, Al-Hassakah Governorate.

October 2020
Navigating Humanitarian Exceptions to Sanctions Against Syria
التعامل مع الإستثناءت الانسانية للعقوبات المفروضة على سوريا:التحديات والتوصيات
In the 10th year of war in Syria, the country’s humanitarian situation is facing a dramatic deterioration, exacerbated by a spiraling economic crisis and the mounting toll of comprehensive sanctions. While almost two-thirds of Syrians are now living in areas that are not experiencing active conflict, the changing needs of this large portion of the Syrian population require immediate support to survive and access basic services.

Sept. 30, 2020
Summary Report, Joint Convening with “1948 Palestinian” Civil Society and Thought Leaders
On Sept. 30, 2020, 顶级国产视频 and The Elders jointly hosted an online consultation with “1948 Palestinian” civil society and thought leaders. This was the fourth in a series of similar consultations with Palestinian civil society leaders from the West Bank and Gaza and their counterparts from Israel.

Sept. 28-Oct. 4, 2020
(interactive map)
Turkey transported Syrian opposition fighters to Azerbaijan to fight in the war against Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians. The Russian-backed 5th Corps and local As-Sweida militias clash in Qarayya, As-Sweida Governorate. An agreement was made in Kanaker, Rural Damascus to end the siege by Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces. Operations against ISIS continued in northeast Syria as the group remains a prominent threat.

Sept. 21-27, 2020
(interactive map)
Fighting between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups reached the highest level for September in northwest Syria. Anti-GoS protests broke out in southern Syria after a security cordon was imposed in Kanaker, Rural Damascus Governorate. Operations against ISIS continued as Russia suspended its anti-ISIS campaign in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

Sept. 14-20, 2020
(interactive map)
Turkey’s presence continues to be a prominent challenge in northwest Syria affecting local dynamics as it faced pressure to withdraw from its observation posts. The Russian-backed 5th Corps of the Syrian army faced increased attacks from unidentified gunmen in Dara’a Governorate as it becomes more influential in the south. Operations against ISIS continued in northeast Syria as the group remains a prominent threat.

Sept. 18, 2020
 (interactive map)
The continuation of the joint patrols in Idlib Governorate along the M4 highway have been one of the key pillars of the 5 March ceasefire. The joint patrols remain contentious because it allows the Russian patrol deep inside opposition territory and is perceived as a challenge to HTS's authority. As a result, there have been numerous protests, road blocks, and violent incidents against the joint patrols. 顶级国产视频 will continue to update this map as the M4 joint patrols continue.

Sept. 7-13, 2020
 (interactive map)
Forest fires continue to spread in northwest Syria as firefighters and civil defense struggle to bring the situation under control. The Russian-backed 5th Corps and the Government of Syria (GoS) agree to a new reconciliation process as attacks against former opposition fighters and GoS armed forces increased in Dara’a Governorate. Tensions between the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and Arab tribes escalated after a SDF raid in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

Sept. 16, 2020
Precedent for Annexation – East Jerusalem (PDF)
Israel’s annexation of East Jerusalem serves as the historical precedent and template for any further extension of Israeli sovereignty in the West Bank. Following the Declaration of Independence in 1948, Israel extended its sovereignty beyond the borders designated by the U.N. partition resolution and declared Jerusalem its capital. The move was not recognized by any state. After the West Bank occupation in June 1967, Israel extended sovereignty over East Jerusalem through a process that continues to this day, by which Israeli laws and regulations are applied progressively to land Israel occupied militarily.

September 2020
U.S. and European Sanctions on Syria (PDF) 
العقوبات الأميركية والأوروبية على سوريا
The U.S. has maintained sanctions against Syria since the 1970s. However, the majority of current U.S. sanctions on Syria were imposed in two broad phases: a first phase in the 2000s that U.S. policymakers stated was a response to Syrian support for terrorism, activities in Lebanon, and other Syrian government activities, and a second phase that started in 2011 and has continued to the present, that U.S. policymakers stated was a response to the Syrian civil war. The European Union began to impose sanctions starting in 2011 as Syria’s civil war broke out, and the EU has escalated sanctions in several stages since 2011. The United Nations has imposed a limited number of sanctions related to Syria, generally targeted at the Islamic State group.

Aug. 31-Sept. 6, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Clashes between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and GoS-backed militias against armed opposition groups decreased this week. Russian and Turkish armed forces conducted multiple military exercises in Idlib Governorate. HTS arrested a French foreign fighter in Idlib Governorate. COVID-19 cases continued to increase in northwest Syria. South & Central: Israel struck multiple targets in south and central Syria. Residents in Dara’a Governorate held protests calling on GoS to release its detainees. Attacks against GoS armed forces and former opposition fighters decreased this week. The Sayyida Zainab shrine in Damascus city was reopened despite an increase in COVID-19 cases. Northeast: The Kurdistan Autonomous Administration re-opened two crossings with GoS-controlled territory. Israel attacked multiple pro-Iranian militia positions in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. Operations against ISIS continued in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. Attacks against the Syrian Democratic Forces by unidentified gunmen continued during the reporting period. COVID-19 cases continued to increase in northeast Syria.

Aug. 24-30, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and GoS-backed militias clashed against armed opposition groups. A Turkish-backed armed opposition group announced that it would relocate its headquarters out of Afrin city, Aleppo Governorate. The joint Russian-Turkish armed forces patrol confronted another attack in Idlib Governorate. Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham arrested foreign fighters in Idlib Governorate. COVID-19 cases continued to increase in northwest Syria. South & Central: An attack on a pipeline near Damascus resulted in power cuts throughout the country. Attacks against GoS armed forces and former opposition fighters increased in Dara’a Governorate. GoS armed forces and GoS-backed militias clashed with ISIS in Homs Governorate. COVID-19 cases continued to rise in GoS-controlled territory. Northeast: ISIS continued attacks in northeast Syria as Russia announced a new operation against the group. Russian and US patrol vehicles collided in Al-Hassakah Governorate. COVID-19 cases continued to increase in northeast Syria.

Aug. 31, 2020
Syria Conflict Mapping | Explosive Munitions Contamination in Northwest Syria
The third installment of the 顶级国产视频’s series on explosive munitions in Syria focuses on Aleppo, Idleb, and Latakia governorates.. This study aims to analyze and visualize the Syria team’s conflict mapping data to show the distribution and type of explosive weapons used in northwest Syria between July 2013 and May 2019. Researchers recorded 113,107 uses of explosive munitions from 30,425 conflict events. When combined with the previous studies focused on southern Syria and the Damascus area, the total adds up to at least 244,103 uses of explosive munitions in 1,987 identifiable communities, with 50% of all explosive munitions use centered in just 26 communities.

Aug. 17-23, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The joint Russian-Turkish armed forces patrol confronted another attack in Idlib Governorate. Government of Syria (GoS) appointed new intelligence leaders in the northwest. The first COVID-19 death was recorded in Idlib Governorate. GoS armed forces and Kurdish armed groups clashed with armed opposition groups. South & Central: Attacks against GoS officials and former opposition fighters increased in southern Syria. GoS armed forces raided the town of Umm Walid, Dara’a Governorate. COVID-19 cases continued to increase in GoS-controlled territories. The US imposed new sanctions on GoS officials and officers. Northeast: US and GoS armed forces clashed in Al-Hassakah Governorate. An improvised explosive device (IED) planted by ISIS killed a Russian general in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. Tensions continued between the predominantly Kurdish-Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and Arab tribes in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. Turkish armed forces were accused of withholding water supply to Al-Hassakah Governorate. COVID-19 cases continued to rise in northeast Syria.

August 2020
顶级国产视频 and The Elders Online Discussion
On Aug. 5, 2020, 顶级国产视频 and The Elders virtually convened a round of dialogue with Israeli civil society and human rights activists. Former Algerian foreign minister, freedom fighter, and U.N. envoy Lakhdar Brahimi participated on behalf of The Elders, along with staff from both organizations. The session followed two earlier rounds of dialogue with Palestinian civil society representatives in the Gaza Strip, West Bank, and inside Israel.

Aug. 10-16, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) arrested critics in Atma, Idlib Governorate. Russia announced the suspension of its joint patrol with Turkey in Idlib Governorate. The first UN aid convoy since humanitarian aid was renewed by the UNSC in July reached northwest Syria. A US drone strike killed an Uzbek commander in Idlib Governorate. South & Central: Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces deployed reinforcements to Jasim, Dara’a Governorate. Attacks against GoS officials and former opposition fighters increased in southern Syria. COVID-19 cases continued to increase in GoS-controlled territories. Northeast: Tensions continued between the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and Arab tribes. Operations against ISIS continued in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

Aug. 3-9, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: There was a decrease in armed clashes in the region. Government of Syria (GoS), Turkey, and armed opposition groups deployed additional military reinforcements to the frontlines. Operations against ISIS continued in Hama and Aleppo Governorates. Turkey established a unified command center to coordinate its military operations in Syria. COVID-19 cases increased in the region. South & Central: Authorities in Dara’a Governorate implemented new measures to stop the spread of COVID-19. The Israeli air force struck GoS armed forces in Quneitra Governorate. Attacks against GoS soldiers and former opposition fighters decreased in Dara’a Governorate. ISIS launched an attack on GoS armed forces in the Badia desert region of Homs Governorate. Northeast: Tensions escalated between the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and Arab tribes in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. Unidentified gunmen continued to attack SDF forces in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. The SDF tried to control smugglers in the region. Medical clinics in al-Hol camp were closed after medical staff tested positive for COVID-19.

July 27-Aug. 2, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Turkish sources reported that Egyptian soldiers were deployed alongside GoS armed forces in the region. Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham consolidated control in Hama Governorate. GoS armed forces and the YPG clashed with armed opposition groups. Turkish-backed armed opposition groups launched a security campaign in Al-Bab, Aleppo Governorate. GoS-backed militias clashed with ISIS in Hama Governorate. South & Central: The US imposed new sanctions on individuals and institutions in Syria. GoS implemented new COVID-19 related measures. Attacks against GoS officials and former opposition fighters continued in Dara’a and As-Sweida Governorates. GoS armed forces and GoS-backed militias continued the military campaign against ISIS in Homs Governorate. Northeast: The Kurdish-led Autonomous Administration (KAA) signed a deal with an American oil company. The KAA implemented new measures to stop the spread of COVID-19. GoS armed forces and ISIS clashed in the region. Unidentified gunmen attacked tribal officials in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. The SDF conscription campaign continued in Ar-Raqqa Governorate.

July 20-26, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Clashes continued between GoS armed forces, GoS-backed militias and the YPG on the one side and armed opposition groups on the other. A Turkish-Russian joint patrol reached Ain al Hawr for the first time. More military buildup was reported in northeastern Syria. COVID-19 cases continued to spread around the region. HTS clashed with former opposition fighters in Idlib and Aleppo Governorates. South & Central: The Israeli air force attacked GoS armed forces and Iranian-backed militias in the region. A US fighter jet flew close to an Iranian passenger plane over Syrian airspace. Attacks on GoS armed forces and former opposition fighters continued across Dara’a Governorate. Tensions resurfaced between President Bashar Assad and Rami Makhlouf. COVID-19 cases increased in GoS-controlled territory. Northeast: ISIS attacks continued across northeast Syria. A US soldier died in a road accident in Al-Hassakah Governorate. New COVID-19 cases were reported. The predominantly Kurdish-Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) faced criticism over its conduct. Unidentified armed groups and Turkish armed forces continued to attack the SDF.

July 13-July 19, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: There was a decrease in armed clashes between GoS armed forces and Kurdish armed forces on the one side and armed opposition groups on the other. Russia conducted airstrikes in the region after an attack on the Turkish-Russian joint patrol in Idlib Governorate. Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham clashed with ISIS in Idlib Governorate. New measures were implemented in Idlib and Aleppo Governorates to stop the spread of COVID-19. South & Central: Reported COVID-19 cases continued to rise across GoS-controlled territory. GoS armed forces and the Russian air force clashed with ISIS in Homs Governorate. Attacks against GoS officials and former opposition fighters continued this week. Violence against civilians decreased across the region. On 19 July, Syria held parliamentary elections. Northeast: The Syrian Democratic Forces and US forces announced a new campaign against ISIS in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. The number of protests in the region declined. The use of remote-controlled explosives by unidentified gunmen increased this week. Turkish and Russian armed forces increased their military presence in the region.

July 6-July 12, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The Russian and Turkish joint patrol reached Ain al-Hawr, Idlib Governorate, the longest distance to date. The first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported in the region. There were increased clashes along the frontlines of Idlib and Aleppo Governorate. Anti-ISIS operations by Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces, GoS-backed militias, and the Russian air force continued in Hama Governorate. South & Central: GoS and Iran signed a new military agreement. Increased infighting was reported between GoS armed forces, Russian-backed militias, and GoS-backed militias in the region. Northeast: ISIS attacks and anti-ISIS operations continued. Fighting among GoS-backed militias and Iranian-backed militias was reported in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

June 29-July 5, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The Turkish-Russian joint patrols continued in Idlib Governorate. Turkish and Russian armed forces reinforced their positions in Idlib Governorate. There was a decrease in the number of clashes involving Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and GoS-backed militias against armed opposition groups. Bomb attacks occurred in Afrin city, Aleppo Governorate. South & Central: Protests decreased in the region. The GoS entered into a settlement deal with a kidnapping gang in As-Sweida Governorate. ISIS attacked GoS forces in Homs Governorate. Attacks against GoS personnel and former opposition fighters continued in the region. The GoS reported the highest number of COVID-19 cases to date in territory under its control. Northeast: Demonstrations against the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued in the northeast. Infighting among Turkish-backed armed opposition groups continued in Ar-Raqqa and Al-Hassakah Governorates. There were increased reports of forcible conscriptions conducted by the SDF.

June 22-28, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Clashes erupted in Idlib Governorate between Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham and the “So Be Steadfast” Operations Room. There were reports of an increased Government of Syria (GoS), Turkish military and opposition militias buildup in Idlib and Hama Governorates. Clashes involving Turkish armed forces and Turkish-backed armed oppositions groups on the one side and Kurdish and GoS armed forces on the other continued this week. Multiple demonstrations and protests were held in Idlib and Aleppo Governorates. South & Central: Protests continued in As-Sweida and Dara’a Governorates. Clashes erupted between GoS armed forces and the Russian-backed 5th Corps in Dara’a Governorate. The Israeli air force targeted GoS armed forces in As-Sweida Governorate. Northeast: There were increased protests throughout the region. Iran expanded its presence in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. The Israeli air force struck GoS armed forces and Iranian-backed militias in in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. ISIS continued to conduct attacks in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate.

July 1, 2020
顶级国产视频 and the Elders Discussion (PDF)
مالحظات من اجتماعات مركز كارتر والحكماء مع المجتمع المدني الفلسطيني
On June 17 and 18, 顶级国产视频 and The Elders virtually convened two rounds of dialogue with Palestinian civil society and political and human rights activists. Former Algerian foreign minister, freedom fighter, and U.N. envoy Lakhdar Brahimi participated on behalf of The Elders, along with staff from both organizations.

June 15-21, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: There were increased attacks against Turkish-backed opposition groups in the region. Turkish and Russian armed forces continued to patrol the M4 highway in Idlib Governorate. Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham arrested a commander of a rival armed opposition group in Idlib Governorate. An improvised explosive device (IED) killed Russian-backed 5th Corps fighters in Dara’a Governorate. Northeast: ISIS attacks in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate continued. Clashes erupted between Iranian-backed groups and Government of Syria armed forces in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. Turkish-backed armed opposition groups continued to engage in property destruction and looting in Al-Hassakah Governorate.

June 8-14, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: A new armed opposition coalition was formed. A US drone strike killed two Hurras al-Din leaders. Due to the weak Syrian pound, opposition and Turkish-held areas of northwest Syria switched to the Turkish Lira. South & Central: Protests against GoS continued across southern Syria. Reconciled opposition fighters defected from the GoS 4th Division in Rural Damascus Governorate. GoS armed forces clashed with US-backed armed opposition groups in the Al-Tanf area of Rural Damascus Governorate. Northeast: The Kurdish-run Autonomous Administration lifted its COVID-19 curfew. Protests erupted throughout Deir-ez-Zor and Al-Hassakah Governorates. Anti-ISIS operations continued in the region.

June 12, 2020
The Threat of Israeli Annexation in the West Bank (PDF)
On Jan. 28, 2020, at a press conference in Washington with Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu, U.S. President Donald Trump unveiled his long-awaited Middle East plan, "Peace to Prosperity: A Vision to Improve the Lives of the Palestinian and Israeli People." The plan envisions a Palestinian state in parts of the West Bank and Gaza, granting Israel sovereignty over at least 30% of Palestinian land in the West Bank. Palestinians would have limited self-rule over isolated pockets of concentrated population centers linked together by tunnels and corridors and completely surrounded by Israeli territory. The plan also foresees continuing Israeli sovereignty over all of Jerusalem.

June 1-7, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Turkish and Russian armed forces continued their joint patrols in Idlib Governorate. Clashes between armed opposition groups and Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and militias increased during the reporting period. Turkish armed forces expanded their presence in southern Idlib Governorate. There were increased air strikes by Israeli, Russian, and GoS air forces in the region. South & Central: Unidentified gunmen continued attacks against GoS soldiers and former opposition fighters across Dara’a Governorate. Attacks against civilians continued in Dara’a Governorate. Protests erupted in Dara’a and As-Swedia Governorates against GoS and deteriorating economic conditions. Northeast: Russian armed forces attempted to establish a new military base in Al-Hassakah Governorate. Attacks against Syrian Democratic Forces fighters continued during the reporting period. The SDF continued its anti-ISIS raids in the region. Turkish-backed armed opposition groups destroyed crops within Turkish-held Operation Peace Spring areas.

May 2020
COVID-19 in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (PDF)
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the human rights insecurity Palestinians are living under in the Gaza Strip and West Bank, especially in East Jerusalem. Israeli authorities are failing to abide by their duties under international human rights law and the laws applicable to occupying powers.

May 25-31, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Clashes between armed opposition groups and Government of Syria (GoS) continued. There were increased attacks against Turkish-backed armed opposition groups. A dispute escalated into infighting between Turkish-backed opposition groups in Afrin, Aleppo Governorate. Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham killed a former Jund Al Aqsa leader in Nayrab, Idlib Governorate. Protests continued in Idlib and Aleppo Governorates. South & Central: Attacks against former opposition fighters by unidentified gunmen continued across Dara’a Governorate. A group of former opposition commanders were ambushed in Mzerieb, Dara’a Governorate. GoS relaxed some of its COVID-19 restrictions. ISIS continued attacks on GoS forces in Dara’a and Homs Governorates. Northeast: ISIS attacks in the region continued this week. The M4 highway once again opened for civilian use. US and Russian armed forces conducted separate and joint patrols in Al-Hassakah Governorate. Violence against civilians in the region decreased during the reporting period.

May 18-24, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Armed opposition groups and the Government of Syria (GoS) exchanged prisoners in northwest Idlib Governorate. There were increased clashes between opposition groups and GoS armed forces across the region. Infighting between Turkish-backed opposition armed groups erupted in Sudju town in northern Aleppo Governorate. The Russian-Turkish joint patrol in Idlib Governorate reached Ariha city. South & Central: Attacks against GoS armed forces and former opposition fighters continued in Dara’a Governorate. GoS armed forces and the Quds brigade continued anti-ISIS operations in Homs Governorate. GoS announced the largest one day increase of COVID-19 cases. Protests continued in Dara’a and As-Sweida Governorates over increased conflict and deteriorating economic conditions. Northeast: Turkish-backed armed opposition groups destroyed agricultural properties in northeast Syria. The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and US troops continued their operations against ISIS. Two rival clans clashed in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. The Kurdish-run Autonomous Administration temporarily relaxed travel restrictions in the region.

May 11-17, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Conflict between Hurras al Din and Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and militias continued. Turkish-backed opposition militias clashed with GoS, the Kurdish dominated Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), and the Afrin Liberation Forces. Again this week, rioters confronted the joint patrols by Russian and Turkish forces. The Israeli air force attacked pro-Iranian militia positions in central Aleppo Governorate. South & Central: GoS armed forces continued their military buildup following last week’s attack in Mzeireb, Dara’a Governorate. Attacks against GoS personnel and positions continued across Dara’a Governorate. ISIS attacks in Dara’a and Homs Governorate killed GoS soldiers and civilians. GoS armed forces demolished houses in Rural Damascus Governorate. Northeast: The Israeli air force targeted pro-Iranian militias in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. Infighting between Turkish-backed armed opposition groups took place in Al-Hassakah Governorate. GoS armed forces, SDF, and the US-led Global Coalition Against Daesh clashed with ISIS fighters in the region. A US patrol faced protests in Al-Hassakah Governorate. The Kurdish-led Autonomous Administration announced the first patient to recover from COVID-19 in their region.

May 15, 2020
The Armed Opposition in Northwest Syria
This report details the current status, structure, and balance of power between Hai’yat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and Turkish-backed armed opposition forces in northwestern Syria. The first section outlines the process by which Turkey has come to dominate Syria’s non-HTS armed opposition through a series of direct interventions and the reduction of regional and global engagement. The report provides a brief overview of opposition infighting and provides a structural diagram of the current order of battle and relations between non-HTS armed opposition groups supported by Turkey. The second section addresses the current status of HTS and non-HTS opposition armed groups and details the tense balance of power that exists between HTS, rivals, and Turkey. HTS is in an untenable position and is facing almost inevitable conflict with more hardline elements, Turkey-backed groups, or both.

May 13, 2020
Analyzing Shifts in Territorial Control within Syria Offers Glimpse of Future Challenges
Nine years have passed since the conflict in Syria began. In recent months, as opposition strongholds have fallen and frontlines have shifted, the map of territorial control suggests that the conflict is entering its endgame. A historical analysis of earlier territorial-control maps illuminates the full extent of more than nine years of war and hints at the effort needed to bring the fragmented nation together. Syrian communities – towns, villages, cities, and neighborhoods – have experienced the conflict in different ways, and even if major military operations cease, the conflict is far from over.

May 4-10, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: There were increased armed clashes between Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and armed opposition groups in Idlib Governorate. Turkish and Russian military forces conducted 4 joint patrols in northwest Syria. An opposition group raided the village of Al-Tanjara in GoS-controlled territory. The Israeli air force attacked pro-Iranian militia positions in Aleppo Governorate. South & Central: Pro-GoS personnel faced increased attacks in Dara’a Governorate. GoS brought military reinforcements to Mzeireb after an attack on a police station. Civilians continued to face violence in the region. Northeast: ISIS attacked Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and GoS personnel in Deir-ez-Zor Governorate. SDF and the Global Coalition Against Daesh raided and arrested ISIS fighters across northeastern Syria.

April 27-May 3, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) faced protests after opening a controversial commercial crossing with Government of Syria (GoS). A fuel tanker explosion in Afrin killed 53 people. Infighting between Turkish-backed armed opposition groups escalated in Jarabulus, Aleppo Governorate. South & Central: Clashes between As-Sweida and Dara’a militias continued. Attacks against GoS personnel and positions continued in Dara’a Governorate. Israel attacked pro-Iranian militias and GoS positions across southern Syria. ISIS killed several GoS armed forces personnel. Northeast: ISIS prisoners attempted to escape Ghoweran jail in Al-Hassakah Governorate. Violence against civilians continued across northeast Syria. Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) faced increased attacks from unidentified gunmen and Turkish armed forces. Coalition forces carried out their first airstrikes since 11 March.

April 20-26, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The Government of Syria (GoS) and opposition armed groups exchanged artillery bombardments at a heightened level. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) attacked GoS forces in Hama Governorate. Tensions over protests along the M4 highway led to a clash between Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and Turkish armed forces. Disputes between Turkish-backed opposition forces escalated into clashes. South & Central: Tensions over abductions escalated in Dara’a and As-Sweida Governorates. Clans engaged in gunfights in Tafas. Attacks against pro-GoS personnel continued in Dara’a Governorate. Israel struck pro-Iranian militias near Palmyra. Northeast: The lowest levels of shelling exchanges were recorded this week. There were increased level of ISIS attacks against Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and pro-Iranian militias. The Kurdish-run Autonomous Administration extended its COVID-19 curfew. Turkish-backed armed opposition militias clashed over disputes about tax revenue and loot sharing.

April 13-19, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: There were reduced levels of shelling exchanges among the warring parties. Tensions increased between Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and Turkish-backed opposition armed groups after a series of raids and arrests. South & Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel increased this week in Dara’a Governorate, with multiple assassinations and attacks on GoS positions. Northeast: Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) personnel and positions came under attack from unidentified gunmen.

April 13, 2020
Report of the Independent Observer: Observations on the Implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali: Evaluation of Implementation in 2019 (PDF) (En français)
顶级国产视频, which serves as the Independent Observer of Mali’s 2015 peace agreement, today released a new report describing two persistent obstacles to the implementation of the agreement: the delay of electoral and administrative redistricting and continued problems preventing full redeployment of integrated army units.

April 6-12, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest:Levels of conflict in northwest Syria remained elevated for the third consecutive week. The Turkish military continued to shell areas around northern Aleppo Governorate. In Turkish-held areas of Aleppo, opposition armed groups engaged in intragroup clashes over property and smuggling disputes. South & Central: The Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham (ISIS) launched attacks on GoS positions in the east of Homs Governorate. GoS-aligned personnel and officials continued to be targeted in Dara’a Governorate. Northeast: The SDF imposed new security measures to combat the spread of COVID-19.

March 30 - April 5, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Levels of Conflict in northwest Syria remained elevated for the second consecutive week, as Turkish military personnel and equipment continued to arrive to Idleb. Inside the Turkish-held areas of northern Aleppo Governorate, opposition armed groups continued their looting and extortion activity against civilians. South & Central: Tensions over kidnapping and clashes continue between communal militias Dara’a and As-Sweida. Government of Syria (GoS)-aligned personal faced continuing attacks in Daraa Governorate. Northeast: Shelling exchanges around Turkish-held Operation Peace Spring areas increased, while Turkish-backed opposition armed groups and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) clashed on the ground.

March 23-29, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Conflict activity increased between the Government of Syria and the Hayyat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) dominated opposition in the northwest this week. Turkish military re-enforcements arrived in Idleb, conducting additional patrols along the M4 highway. South & Central: Attacks against Government of Syria (GoS)-aligned personnel continued in Daraa Governorate, also spreading to Rural Damascus Governorate. Northeast: Shelling exchanges around Turkish-backed Operation Peace Spring areas continued, with opposition armed groups fighting each other. Also, attacks against Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) personnel in northeast Syria continued, affecting civilians.

March 16-22, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: For the second consecutive week, levels of conflict in the northwest remained low. Turkey continued to send personnel and equipment into northwest Syria and established four new observation posts. Turkey also conducted four patrols along the M4 highway. Again, protesters blocked the highway at Jisr Ariha. South & Central: There were signs of increased resistance against GoS’s presence in southern Syria, with three coordinated attacks in Alma, Nawa and Jlein. Northeast: Attacks against infrastructure targeted the Qatariji Company near Raqqa City, as well as municipal buildings in Shadadah and Tabqa. Inside the Turkish Operation Peace Spring area, opposition armed groups continued to loot commercial, residential, and public buildings.

March 9-15, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Conflict levels in the northwest remained low the week following a Russian/Turkish ceasefire agreement on 5 March. Protesters blocked a joint Russian/Turkish patrol on the M4 Highway. In Operation Euphrates Shield areas, attacks increased against Turkish-backed opposition armed groups. South & Central: Following Government of Syria (GoS) re-enforcements arriving to southern Syria, attacks against GoS personnel in Daraa Governorate decreased. For the second time in the month, an explosive device detonated in Damascus. Northeast: In addition to shelling exchanges between SDF forces and Turkish-backed opposition groups around Operation Peace Spring area, ACLED reported increases in explosive attacks and looting activity.

March 2-9, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The Government of Syria (GoS) offensive in northwest Syria slowed this week, following a ceasefire brokered by Russia and Turkey on 5 March. Conflict between the Kurdish People’s Protection Units (YPG) and Turkey and aligned Syrian opposition group in Tal Rifaat decreased for the second consecutive week. South & Central: Attacks against GoS personnel in southern Syria continued this week. There was also a serious deterioration in security in As Sanamayn town. Unidentified gunmen attacked three GoS checkpoints in Rural Damascus Governorate. Israeli airstrikes attacked locations in Homs and Quneitra Governorate. Northeast: Conflict decreased in Turkish occupied Operation Peace Spring areas. However, a car bomb detonated against a Turkish-backed group in Hammam al Turkman. Attacks on Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) personnel along the Euphrates River Valley continued.

Feb. 24-March 1, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The Government of Syria (GoS) offensive in northwest Syria changed focus to southern areas of the Hayyat Tahrir al Sham dominated enclave. Turkish and GoS military forces traded fire in the northwest for a second consecutive week. Conflict in the Tal Rifaat area reached the highest levels in 12 months. Two explosions struck Al Bab city, bringing the total for 2020 to four. South & Central: Improvised explosive devices (IED) struck Damascus again this week. There was an increase in attacks on GoS-aligned personnel in southern Syria. In Quneitra Governorate, there was an increase in Israeli against GoS and Palestinian targets. Northeast: For the first time in five weeks, there was a reduction in conflict levels around the Turkish occupied Operation Peace Spring areas. Attacks on Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) personnel continued along the Euphrates and Khabour River Valleys, including an SDF-aligned municipal building in Hajin.

Feb.17-23, 2020
Syria Mapping Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The Government of Syria (GoS) forces captured areas west and northwest of Aleppo city before focusing on the southeast of the HTS/opposition controlled Idleb enclave. Clashes between Turkish and GoS forces continued as Turkey also established five new observation posts in Idleb. Conflict in Tal Rifaat and extortion campaigns in Afrin District also continued. South & Central: Three improvised explosive devices (IED) detonated in Damascus this week. Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel in southern and central Syria continued, also affecting two humanitarian workers in Daraa Governorate. Northeast: U.S. forces were involved again in standoffs with other military forces: with GoS in Tal Barak and with Russian forces in Amuda.

Feb. 10-16, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) forces made further advances in northwest Syria, capturing the entire M5 highway and pushing frontlines 9km west from Aleppo City. Hayat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) and other opposition groups continued to resist GoS attacks, including with the use of man portable air defence systems (MANPADs) against GoS aircraft. South & Central: Attacks on GoS-aligned personnel in southern and central Syria continued. Israeli airstrikes targeted GoS locations around Damascus for the second consecutive week. Northeast: Atacks on SDF personnel continued in the Euphrates River Valley. On 12 February, a US patrol came under small arms fire near a GoS checkpoint.

Feb. 3-9, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) forces captured the majority of the M5 highway between Khan Sheikhun and Aleppo City this week. South & Central: In addition to continuing attacks against GoS-aligned personnel in southern and central Syria, a former reconciliation committee member was shot dead in Talbiseh town in Homs northern countryside. Northeast: Turkish-backed groups and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)/GoS Forces traded artillery and small arms fire throughout the week. 

Jan. 27-Feb. 2, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) forces advanced in southern Idleb and Western Aleppo Governorates, reaching Saraqeb City by the end of the week. South & Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel continued this week, including an increase in improvised explosive device (IED) activity in southern Syria. In Quneitra, there was an attack against an Intelligence Officer near Hamdiyah, which was only the eighth attack against a GoS-aligned individual in the governorate in two and a half years. In Sayda, the body of a kidnapped Jordanian national was found. Northeast: Turkish-backed groups made limited advances in areas southwest of Tal Abiad this week, the first advances since November.

Jan. 20-26, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) forces advanced in areas east of Maraat al Numaan, reaching a portion of the M5 highway. GOS aerial and ground bombardments continued at elevated levels. South & Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel and locations continued in Daraa Governorate. There were further civilian demonstrations against GoS detentions in southern Syria and the rising cost of living. ISIS harassment of GoS forces in central Syria continued. Northeast: The U.S. and Russian militaries conducted patrols in the northeast, including one where a U.S. military vehicle blocked the path of a Russian patrol in Tal Tamr. Attacks against SDF and aligned personnel continued along the Euphrates and Khabour River Valleys.

Jan. 13-19, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) shelling in northwest Syria continued despite a ceasefire on 12 January. HTS and other opposition groups captured two locations in southwest Idleb from GoS forces. In the Turkish-occupied areas of northern Aleppo Governorate, opposition armed groups continued looting and extortion. South & Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel in Daraa Governorate continued. Kidnapping activity targeted civilians west of Daraa City. Widespread civilian demonstrations returned to southern Syria, including As Sweida City. ISIS attacks against GoS forces continued in central Syria. Suspected Israeli airstrikes targeted the T4 Airbase and locations near Albu Kamal. Northeast: Conflict between Turkish-backed opposition armed groups and the US-supported Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued around Operation Peace Spring areas. In the Euphrates and Khabour River Valley, attacks against SDF personnel continued. The US and Russian militaries conducted patrols and re-enforced several locations in the northeast.

Jan. 6-12, 2020
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary 
Northwest: Syria, Russia and Turkey agreed to implement a ceasefire in the northwest on 12 January. Additional Government of Syria (GoS) troop arrived in Aleppo City for the second consecutive week. In the Turkish-occupied areas of northern Aleppo Governorate, there was an increase of looting and extortion activities by opposition armed groups. South & Central: Residents from Karak and Nahta towns stormed GoS locations and detained more than 20 soldiers. ISIS harassment of GoS forces continued in central areas of the country. In Falita, Hezbollah and the National Defence Forces clashed at a checkpoint in an uncommon intraGoS forces confrontation. Northeast: Turkish-backed opposition armed groups and the US supported Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) exchanged fire in Ain Issa, Tal Tamr, and Tal Abiad. Two improvised explosive device (IED) attacks targeted Turkish-backed forces in Arbain and Um Ashba villages.

Jan. 21, 2020
Report of the Independent Observer: Observations on the Implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali: Evaluation of Implementation in 2019 (PDF) (En français)
顶级国产视频, which serves as the Independent Observer of Mali’s 2015 peace agreement implementation, today released its 2019 end-of-year report, which criticizes the overall stagnation of the process and urges vigorous measures to consolidate peace in Mali.

Jan. 17, 2020
Syria Conflict Mapping | Explosive Munitions Contamination in Damascus City and Rural Damascus 
The second report in the Center’s Syria Project’s study on mapping potential explosive munitions contamination in Syria focuses on Damascus city and Rural Damascus.  This analysis developed out of the Syria Project’s ongoing support of mediators and humanitarians inside Syria. In Damascus and Rural Damascus governorates the 顶级国产视频 has documented at least 94,792 uses of explosive munitions, extrapolated from 16,147 conflict events in the area between July 2013 and May 2019. Explosive weapons—such as barrel bombs, rockets, grenades—impacted at least 273 communities in Damascus and Rural Damascus. Just 19 locations around Damascus city and Rural Damascus governorate had nearly 70% of the total recorded explosive munitions. This report aims to support operational planners, raise awareness among key decision-makers, and highlight the need for an effective, long-term policy response to contamination from explosive weapons.

Dec. 30, 2019-Jan. 5, 2020
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The ongoing Government of Syria (GoS) offensive against the Hayyat Tahrir al Sham (HTS)-dominated northwest slowed during this reporting period. GoS and opposition re-enforcements arrived on the frontlines. In the de-escalation zone, HTS began a recruitment drive targeting youth. In the Turkish-backed areas of northern Aleppo Governorate, local armed groups continued their clashes in Jarablus and Al Bab. South& Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel continued in Daraa Governorate. In multiple locations, anti-government graffiti appeared. In central areas of the country, ISIS harassment of GoS forces continued. In Tal Ftaya town in the Qalamoun Mountains, an armed group attacked a GoS checkpoint, a first in over two years. Northeast: The focus of conflict between Turkish-backed forces and GoS was in Ain Issa town. In the Operation Peace Spring area, two explosive attacks targeted Turkish-backed forces in Tal Abiad and Suluk towns. In Raqqa City, a car bomb detonated three days after Raqqa City Police had begun to confiscate vehicles over fear of an attack. In Tiyanna town, ISIS conducted a home attack against a Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) commander. Suspected Israeli airstrikes targeted Iranian linked sites in Al Bukamal for the tenth time since September.

Nov. 25-Dec. 8, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The Government of Syria (GoS) recaptured several villages from the National Liberation Front (NLF), after they were briefly captured in late November. Civilians demonstrated against HTS rule inside Idleb Governorate. South & Central: Civilians continued to protest Hezbollah’s presence in southern Syria. Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel continued in Daraa Governorate. Northeast: There were no territorial changes in the northeast, as the Turkish-led Operation Peace Spring continued. Russian/Turkish patrols also continued in the region, including one that was targeted with an IED. Attacks against SDF personnel continued along the Euphrates River Valley.

Nov. 11 – 24, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Two-week Conflict Summary
Northwest: The first advances of the Government of Syria (GoS) since August were reported in the southeastern parts of the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated northwest. Inside the enclave, widespread demonstrations took place against HTS and its civilian body, the Salvation Government. South & Central: There were prolonged clashes between GoS personnel and armed groups. Also, the first civilian protests against Hezbollah’s presence in southern Syria took place. Two waves of Israeli airstrikes targeted a Palestinian Islamic Jihad commander and Iranian-linked sites in and around Damascus. Northeast: Territorial changes occurred in the northeast as the Turkish-led Operation Peace Spring continued. Russia and Turkey deployed additional patrols in Raqqa and Hassakeh governorates.

Nov. 19, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Explosive Munitions Contamination in Southern Syria
This study, the first of a series, aims to analyze and visualize the 顶级国产视频 Syria Project’s conflict mapping data on explosive weapons use in As Sweida, Daraa, and Quneitra governorates to highlight areas at risk of explosive weapons contamination. An . This analysis developed out of the Syria Project’s ongoing support of mediators and humanitarians inside Syria. In southern Syria alone the 顶级国产视频 has documented at least 36,404 uses of explosive munitions, extrapolated from 9,446 conflict events in southern Syria between July 2013 and May 2019. Explosive weapons—such as barrel bombs, rockets, grenades—impacted at least 255 communities in southern Syria. Yet, over 60% of the total recorded explosive munitions occurred in just 15 locations in southern Syria, the majority in Daraa Governorate. This report aims to support operational planners, raise awareness among key decision-makers, and highlight the need for an effective, long-term policy response to contamination from explosive weapons.

Nov. 4-10, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) aerial activity increased in the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated northwest this week. Inside the de-escalation zone, 14 civilian demonstrations were held in reaction to HTS action in Kahr Takharim. South & Central: ISIS-linked activity continued in southern Syria this week in addition to attacks against GoS-aligned personnel and former opposition members. Two improvised explosive devices (IED) struck the Damascus area, and two GoS-aligned personnel were assassinated in western Homs Governorate. Northeast: Advances from Turkish-led Operation Peace Spring slowed in the northeast of Syria this week.

Oct. 31, 2019
Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Extremism Guidebook
This guidebook examines the 顶级国产视频’s work on discrediting Daesh propaganda and the rise of Islamophobia through an alternative, grassroots model, which focuses on empowering and strengthening capacity among local faith-based and community leaders.

Oct. 28-Nov. 3, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The Government of Syria (GoS) increased shelling and aerial activity in the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated northwest. Civilian demonstrations against HTS occurred in several locations in Idleb. South & Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel and former opposition members continued in central and southern Syria.  Northeast: Further changes in territorial control occurred in the northeast, as the Turkish-led invasion continues. IED attacks occurred in Tal Abiad, Hammam al Turkman, and Suluk.

Oct. 21-27, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) shelling and aerial activity continued in the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb enclave. Elevated levels of conflict also continued in the Tal Rifaat area. South & Central: In addition to attacks against GoS-aligned personnel in central and southern Syria, ISIS claimed its fifth attack of the year in Daraa Governorate. There are reports of criminal activity in Nahta town. Northeast: Turkish-led militias advanced in northeast Syria between Tal Abiad and Ras al Ain, despite a ceasefire and a new agreement between Turkey and Russia reached on 22 October.

Oct.14-20, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) shelling and aerial bombardment continued in the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS) dominated Idleb enclave. South and Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel in central and southern Syria continued, including a suicide bomb attack in Daraa Governorate. Northeast: As Turkish-led incursions continued into northern Syria, the leadership of the Northeast Self-Administration reached a deal with the GoS, allowing GoS forces to secure key highways, various border locations, and Menbej District.

Oct. 7-13, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary 
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) shelling and aerial activity onto the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb enclave continued this week.  South & Central: Violence continued against GoS-aligned personnel in southern Syria, including one event that targeted a joint Syrian/Russian Military Patrol near Ankhel. Northeast: The combined Turkish and Syrian opposition invasion of northern Syria continued this week. Attacks against Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued in the Euphrates Valley.

Oct. 17, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Special Report: Internal Conflict in Northwest Syria, September 2018-August 2019
From September 2019 through August 2019, conflict between armed opposition groups within the northwest of Syria has declined, especially following the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)1 takeover of Idleb in January 2019 and the Government of Syria (GoS) offensive that began in May 2019. However, at least 18 locations in the Idleb enclave have witnessed persistent internal violence throughout the year, suggesting that deep-rooted tensions between various groups remain.

Sept. 30-Oct. 6, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Elevated levels of Government of Syria (GoS) shelling and aerial bombing continued in the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS) dominated Idleb enclave. South & Central: In addition to low-level violence in southern Syria, a rocket struck Daraa City. Groups loyal to the GoS clashed for the second time within a month in Kharab Shaham town. Northeast: A statement by the White House implying US forces would not intervene if Turkey invaded northeast Syria contradicted an agreement reached earlier between the U.S. and Turkey over a security zone along the Turkish-Syrian border.

Sept. 23-29, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Elevated levels of Government of Syria (GoS) shelling continued on the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb enclave. Improvised explosive device (IED) activity targeted local armed groups and civilians in Turkish-backed area of Aleppo Governorate. South & Central: An increase in attacks against GoS-aligned personnel, former opposition members, and civilians preceded the arrival of additional GoS forces in southern Syria. For the second time in a month, GoS forces seized property in former opposition areas around the capital. Northeast: Civilian protests denouncing the government continued in GoS-held areas of Deir Ez Zor Governorate. For the fourth time in a month, airstrikes targeted Iranian-linked sites in Abu Kamal.

Sept. 16-22, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Despite a decrease in Government of Syria (GoS) aerial bombardment, increased levels of shelling on the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb enclave continued. In the Turkish-backed areas of northern Aleppo Governorate, improvised explosive device (IED) attacks and inter-group clashes increased. South & Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel continued in southern Syria and included a ISIS-claimed IED attack. ISIS activity also resumed in central areas of the country after the completion of a GoS ISIS clearance operation last week. Northeast: Widespread civilian protests against Iranian presence were reported in GoS-held Deir Ez Zor Governorate. The protests occurred two days after two airstrikes struck Iranian linked sites in the far east.

Sept. 9-15, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary 
Northwest: The Government of Syria (GoS) did not gain more territory in the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS) dominated enclave this week. However, aerial activity resumed after a 10 day pause. GoS shelling also increased this week. Inside the de-escalation zone, HTS cracked down on dissent. South & Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel and former opposition members continued in southern Syria. In the Qudsaya neighbourhood of Damascus, GoS conducted the third arrest operation of the year. GoS also announced the end of an anti-ISIS operation in Homs. Northeast: Another joint US/Turkish patrol took place in Tal Abiad this week. Low-level attacks against the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued despite SDF security operations in the region.

Sept. 23, 2019
Observations on the Implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, Emanating from the Algiers Process (PDF) (En français)
Despite recent progress in the demobilization of combatants from former armed groups, foot-dragging and lack of support from decision-makers is significantly delaying the implementation of Mali’s 2015 peace agreement, according to a new 顶级国产视频 report.

Sept. 1-8, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary 
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) momentum slowed in Idleb this week, with no advances recorded. Further civilian protests denouncing Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS) took place in the northwest, in addition to pro-HTS and pro-Hurras al Din demonstrations. South & Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel and former opposition members continued in southern Syria, including two unusual attacks claimed by ISIS. Northeast: The first joint US/Turkish ground patrol took place in Tal Abiad this week as part of an ongoing implementation of the “safe zone” in northern Syria.

Aug. 26-Sept. 1, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) forces advanced in Idleb this week. Elevated levels of conflict continued between Turkish-aligned groups and the Kurdish People’s Protection Units (YPG) in the Tal Rifaat pocket. The U.S. conducted a strike on the Al Qaeda-affiliated Huras al Din. South & Central: Attacks against GoS-aligned personnel and civilians continued in southern Syria, despite GoS deploying re-enforcements the previous week. ISIS attacks against GoS and aligned personnel also continued in central areas of the country. Northeast: Implementation of the “safe zone” started in northern Syria this week, with Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) troop further withdrawing and a joint US/Turkish aerial patrol above Ras al Ain.

Aug. 19-25, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) forces captured Khan Sheikhun and areas south of the city from Jaish al Izza. Inside the northwest enclave, a Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS) crackdown on perceived decent was underway. South & Central: In response to attacks against GoS-aligned personnel, former opposition groups, and civilians in Daraa, GoS sent re-enforcements to western areas of the Daraa governorate. GoS attempts to curb ISIS activities were also reported in central areas of the country. Northeast: Improvised explosive device (IED) and small arms fire attacks continued against Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).

Aug. 29, 2019
Update on Conflict in Southern Syria: August 2018 to July 2019
In the year since the government of Syria (GoS) takeover of southern Syria in August 2018, a steady growth in low-level conflict has been recorded, with at least 249 violent incidents against GoS and aligned personnel, former opposition members, and civilians. Just over 60% of these incidents have been recorded since March 2019, an average of seven per week.

Aug. 12-18, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) Tiger Forces advanced in the Idleb enclave this week, reaching the northern edges of Khan Sheikhun by the end of the reporting period. South & Central: Attacks against GoS personnel, former opposition groups, and civilians continued in Daraa Governorate. ISIS activities continued in central areas of the country. Northeast: Improvised explosive device (IED) and small arms attacks against Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued this week, including an ISIS-claimed car bomb detonation in Qamishli city.

Aug. 5-11, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) advanced further in the Idleb enclave this week, in the Zakah, Habit, and Sukaik areas, days after a ceasefire was ended. South & Central: In addition to low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel continuing in Daraa Governorate, GoS-aligned international personnel were killed in central areas of Syria. Northeast: Ongoing improvised explosive device (IED) and small arms fire attacks against Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued this week.

July 29 - Aug. 4, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) forces advanced in the Tal Mallah area of the Hayyat Tahrir Ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb enclave this week, just prior to Syrian and Russian officials announcing a ceasefire on 2 August. An increase in conflict activity was recorded in the Tal Rifaat area between Turkish forces and aligned groups on the one side and the People’s Protection Units (YPG) on the other. South & Central: Low-level attacks against GoS-aligned personnel and former opposition members continued in Daraa Governorate. Northeast: Elevated levels of improvised explosive device (IED) activity continued in the northeast with at least seven incidents recorded. Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)/Global Coalition arrest operations against Daesh continued this week.

July 22-28, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary 
Northwest: No changes in frontlines in the Hayyat Tahrir Ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb enclave were recorded this week. In the Turkish-backed Euphrates Shield and Olive Branch areas of northern Aleppo Governorate, an increase in improvised explosive device (IED) activity was recorded. Ongoing extortion/arrest operations also continued in the Turkish-backed region, with three events recorded. South & Central: Low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel continued this week with at least six attacks including a suicide bomb detonation in eastern Daraa Governorate. Explosive activity and armed robberies impacted Damascus. Northeast: Despite US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)/Global Coalition against Daesh arrest operations, a rise in IED use was reported in northeast Syria.

July 15-21, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Opposition groups within the Hayyat Tahrir Ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb enclave attacked Qasabiyeh town. Confrontations also were noted in Kabani town, NW of the pocket, and the Tal Rifat pocket. South & Central: In addition to low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel, an attack targeting a vehicle was recorded near Sasa town. In central areas of the country, an improvised explosive device (IED) attack targeted a train near Busari. Northeast: Low-level attacks continued against US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) despite ongoing security operations, including one that detained five women who had escaped Al Hol Camp. An IED attack also occurred in Hassakeh City.

July 8-14, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Opposition groups organized attacked Hammamiyat town in the south of the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham-dominated Idleb enclave, capturing the town for 24 hours, before it was retaken again by government forces. Opposition armed groups continued arresting civilians in the Turkish-backed Operation Olive Branch and Euphrates Shield areas. A car bomb detonation was recorded in Afrin City. South & Central: Low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel occurred in the central and southern areas of the country. An oil pipeline in the Sha’er area was sabotaged. Northeast: Despite ongoing Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) security operations in the north east, low-level small arms fire and improvised explosive device (IED) attacks continued.

July 1-7, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: For the fourth consecutive week, frontlines between Government of Syria (GoS) forces and Hayyat Tahrir Ash-Sham (HTS)-dominated groups remained static in the Idleb enclave. In Tal Rifaat, there was an increase in conflict between the People’s Protection Units (YPG) and Turkish backed forces. South & Central: In addition to low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel in the central and southern areas of the country, a suicide attack was recorded in As Sweida City. Northeast: Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued security operations along the Euphrates River Valley and in Hasakah Governorate. Five explosive attacks against the SDF were recorded in this reporting period. Agricultural fires were also recorded in the week.

June 24-30, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government of Syria (GoS) forces and Hayyat Tahrir Ash-Sham (HTS)-dominated group frontlines remained static in the Idleb enclave this week. Turkish military forces shelled government areas in response to an attack on a Turkish military observation post, while the U.S. conducted a missile attack against a Huras al Din site in western Aleppo governorate. South & Central: Low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel in the central and southern areas of the country continued, while an improvised explosive device (IED) attack occurred in the capital. Northeast: Despite ongoing Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) security operations in northeast this week, nine IED and small arms fire attacks against military forces along the Euphrates River Valley were recorded.

June 17-23, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Frontlines between government of Syria (GOS) forces and Hayyat Tahrir Ash-Sham (HTS)-dominated groups remained static this week. Five underwater oil pipelines were attacked near Baniyas. Civilians were arrested in the Turkish-dominated Afrin district. South & Central: Low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel in the central and southern areas of the country continued this week. Elsewhere, two civil disturbances were reported in As Sweida City and in Daraa City. Northeast: Despite ongoing joint US coalition/Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) security operations in northeast this week, seven attacks against military forces along the Euphrates River Valley were recorded.

June 10-16, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
NORTH: Government forces and Hayyat Tahrir Ash-Sham (HTS)-dominated groups consolidated gains made the previous week in the south west of Idleb. A short-lived Russian/Turkish brokered ceasefire on 13 June had little effect on the level of conflict. Turkish Military Forces also retaliated against two attacks on its observation posts in the northwest. SOUTH & CENTRAL: Low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel in the south, and ISIS ambushes against government patrols in central areas of the country continued this week. Israeli strikes also targeted locations in Daraa Governorate this week. NORTHEAST: Joint US Coalition/Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) security operations were recorded this week, building on such activities in the previous month.

June 3-9, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government forces made advances in the southwest corner of the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb pocket. HTS and other opposition groups conducted a counter attack focused on Tal Mallah. South & Central: In addition to low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel in the south, ISIS claimed to have conducted an attack on the Nimr – Gherbet Khazalah Road this week, the first since 2018. Northeast: Routine small arms fire and improvised explosive device (IED) activity against Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and their allies continued despite large-scale security operations in previous weeks.

May 27-June 2, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government advances in the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb pocket stalled again this week, while aerial and ground bombardments continued to impact indiscriminately non-combatants. South & Central: In addition to low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel in the south, a small arms fire attack against humanitarians was recorded in Saham al Golan town. Northeast: New Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) security operations were recorded along the Euphrates River Valley and southern Hassakeh Governorate this week.

May 20-26, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
NORTHWEST: Government advances in the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb pocket slowed this week after an HTS counter offensive on Kafr Nabuda town. SOUTH & CENTRAL: Apart from the low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel in the south, an armed group temporarily took over a government base, the first such event since 2018. NORTHEAST: The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) conducted security operations along the Euphrates River Valley this week.

May 13-19, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government forces continued to advance in the southwest corner of the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb pocket this week, capturing locations along Highway 56. South and Central: Low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel continued in the south, while in Homs Governorate, evidence of ISIS’s enduring presence was once again evident. Northeast: Despite a Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) anti-ISIS operation along the Euphrates River Valley this week, small arms fire and Improvised Explosive Device (IED) attacks against military actors in this area continue.

May 15, 2019
Workshop 4 Report: Designing Interventions for Community Resilience and Empowerment (PDF) (En français) (بالعربية)
顶级国产视频 recently convened the fourth and final reiterative workshop with grassroots religious and community leaders to advance community-led solutions to violent extremism. The workshop was held from April 29 to May 1, 2019, in Tunisia, and trained participants in four main areas: a) transformative leadership; b) project design, monitoring, and evaluation; c) political and social strategies for change; and d) branding and communication strategies for impact and change. This report summarizes workshop proceeding and reports on the success of participant initiatives.

May 14, 2019
Report of the Independent Observer: Observations on the Implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, Emanating from the Algiers Process (En français)
This report presents the observations of 顶级国产视频 as the Independent Observer of the implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, emanating from the Algiers Process, for the period from January to April 2019.

May 6-12, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Government forces began advances in the southwest corner of the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb pocket this week. South & Central: Low-level attacks against government-aligned personnel continued in the south, while in As Sweida Governorate, two protests were held over the ongoing fuel crisis. In the capital, an explosive device was detonated in the Midan area. Northeast: Small arms and explosive attacks against military actors continued along the Euphrates River valley this week.

April 29–May 5, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: The situation in the Idleb pocket deteriorated this week with government forces advancing just after the reporting period ended. South and Central: Attacks against Syrian government-aligned personnel increased in the south, with three attacks recorded in Quneitra and As Sweida Governorates. Northeast: Protest were held in several cities in Deir Ez Zor Governorate. Unexploded ordnance and left-over landmines were detonated. 

April 22–28, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Elevated levels of conflict impacted the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS) dominated Idleb enclave, including an increase in airstrike activity with 26 strikes recorded. South and Central: For a second consecutive week, explosive devices detonated in Damascus City. Further south, a new group, Ahrar Bilada Kanakar, announced its presence in areas south of the capital. Northeast: An increase in protests against SDF control was recorded along the Euphrates River Valley.

April 15–21, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Elevated level of conflict involving the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb enclave this week, while Turkish military patrols continued. In Tal Rifaat, conflict activity increased after Russian troops ceased joint patrols. South & Central: Attacks against individuals associated with the government in southern Syria continued. Further north, more signs of ISIS continuing presence in central Syria were recorded with four ambushes against government convoys in the Sokhneh desert. There were also two explosive device attacks in Damascus this week. Northease: Shootings and explosive attacks against Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued this week. Coalition forces continue to conduct airstrikes against residual ISIS elements almost a month after their last pocket fell in Baghuz.

April 8–14, 2019
Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Elevated level of conflict involving the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb enclave and Turkish military patrols continued this week. Improvised explosive device activity also continued within the enclave.  South & Central: Asymmetrical attacks against individuals associated with the government in Daraa Governorate continued. Further north, ISIS ambushed a government aligned militia. Israeli airstrikes also targeted several sites near Masayaf town. Northeast: Shootings and IED attacks against both the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and government of Syria continued this week in the Euphrates River Valley.

April 1–7, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Despite further Turkish Military patrols this week, elevated levels of conflict continued to occur in the HTS-dominated Idleb enclave. Inside the pocket, despite a reduction in improvised explosive device attacks since September 2018, such activity has increased steadily in 2019. South: Six asymmetrical attacks against individuals associated with the government occurred in Daraa Governorate this week, bringing the total number of these types of events since August 2018 to 72. This activity has focused increasingly on Daraa City and western areas of the governorate. Northeast: In addition to ongoing clearance operations in the Baghuz area, several high-profile improvised explosive device incidents were recorded, including in Raqqa City, Tabqa City and Hassakeh Governorate.

March 25–31, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: High levels of conflict continued to impact the HTS-dominated Idleb enclave. Elsewhere, Israeli airstrikes targeted suspected Iranian weapons storage sites east of Aleppo City. South: Along with asymmetrical attacks against individuals associated with the government in Daraa Governorate, kidnaping and two sustained clashes between ISIS and Syrian government forces in northeast As Sweida highlighted the unstable security environment. Northeast: Clearance operations continued in the Baghuz area. Further north, ISIS claimed an attack against a YPG checkpoint in Menbej area.

March 18–24, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Three Turkish military patrols in the Idleb de-escalation zone had little effect on the elevated levels of conflict this week. Elsewhere, signs of internal tensions between factions in the pocket were also seen, especially in Umm Seir, Armanaz, Kafr Takhrim and Idleb City. South: Assassinations against individuals aligned with the government of Syria continued this week, with two incidents recorded in Muzayrib and Sanamayn. Elsewhere, an ISIS ambush of a Syrian Army patrol on the Tadmor – Deir Ez Zor Highway, comes a month after an anti-ISIS operation in the area. Northeast: Despite the total collapse of the last remaining ISIS pocket in Baghuz Fawqani Village this week, ongoing conflict continues to affect the security environment in northeast of Syria.

March 11-17, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Despite further Turkish Military patrols in the Idleb pocket, a rise in airstrike activity was reported in areas dominated by the al Qaeda linked Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS). South: Further protests against the Syrian government’s arrest policy in the south of Syria occurred in As Sanamayn and Karak towns following last week’s demonstrations in southern Daraa City and Tafs town. Northeast: The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) advanced on the last remaining ISIS encampment in Baghuz Village in the southeast Deir Ez Zor Governorate. 

March 15, 2019
A Review of ISIS in Syria: Oct. 2016 to Jan. 2019
Using data collected by 顶级国产视频 and by the Armed Conflict & Event Data (ACLED) Project, this report will provide a review of ISIS in Syria between 2016 and 2019. The evidence-based approach will aim to create a more detailed understanding of ISIS, taking into consideration the varied regional operations of the group. This report also aims to contribute to the discussion about policy-level and local-level responses to ISIS in Syria.

March 4-10, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Turkish Military patrols in the western portions of the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS) dominated Idleb pocket on 8 March reduced conflict only for 24 hours. South: Two protests against government arrests in the south of Syria occurred in Daraa and Tafs during this reporting period. Both areas have the presence of Russian military police and former opposition members following the government re-establishing control in August 2018. Northeast: No changes occurred this week in the Syrian Democratic Forces’ (SDF) campaign against the last remaining ISIS pocket in Baghuz Village in southeast Deir Ez Zor Governorate, with the enclave still surrounded and large numbers of civilians continuing to leave the pocket.

Feb. 25–March 3, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Ongoing, elevated Government of Syria (GoS)-initiated conflict activity continued to impact southern areas of the Hayyat Tahrir al Sham-dominated Idleb pocket. Elsewhere, improvised explosive device (IED) activity continued in Idleb city during the reporting period, highlighting a return of this activity after a two-month hiatus at the end of 2018. South: Apart from continued, low-level conflict activity against GoS personnel and civilians in Daraa, Israeli Defense Forces shelled the Druze-majority town of Hadar. Northeast: Conflict continued to focus on the last remaining ISIS pocket in Baghuz. Evidence of the growing complexities of the group’s legacy in northeast Syria was seen.

Feb. 25, 2019
Workshop 3 Report: Responding to the Changing Landscape of Violent Extremism: Practical Approaches to Conflict Transformation and Rehabilitation (PDF) (En français) (بالعربية)
This workshop report details 顶级国产视频’s third reiterative workshop with a second cohort of religious and community leaders, held Jan. 25-27, 2019. The workshop examined the changing landscape of violent extremism, practical approaches to conflict transformation and negotiation, rights-based approaches to reintegration and rehabilitation, and the legal landscape of terrorism prosecutions.

Feb. 18–24, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Elevated levels of reported conflict involving Syrian Government forces and Hayyat Tahrir Al Sham (HTS) dominated Idleb frontlines this week.  Additionally, conflict between various armed groups behind frontlines continued with two vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) attacks in Idleb city. South: Low-level activity against Syrian Government personnel continued, including an IED attack in Daraa City claimed by a newly established armed group. Northeast: Apart from ongoing fighting around the remaining ISIS pocket in the southern part of Baghuz Fawqani village, large numbers of civilians continue to leave the ISIS area. Elsewhere, ongoing evidence of the group’s residual presence was seen in Shudadah District with two ambushes against SDF convoys transporting high ranking officials.

Feb. 22, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: A slight reduction in conflict in the Hayyat Tahrir ash Sham (HTS)-dominated Idleb governorate coincided with a new round of Sochi discussions. South: Ongoing, low-level attacks against Syrian Government personnel in Daraa Government continued this week, while further east, Russia announced the establishment of two humanitarian corridors at the edge of the US-marked 55km de-confliction zone in Al Tanf Border Crossing. Northeast: ISIS’ last remaining territory in the Baghuz Fawqani pocket in Deir Ez Zor disintegrated this week to just a 700m square area.

Feb. 22, 2019
Report of the Independent Observer: Evaluation of Implementation in 2018 (PDF)
(En français)
This report concludes the first full year of the mandate of the Independent Observer on the implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, emanating from the Algiers Process (agreement). Under Article 63 of the agreement, the Independent Observer is tasked with "objectively evaluating the implementation status" of the agreement and publishing an "exhaustive report on the implementation status of the commitments made in the agreement, identifying any hindrances, identifying the responsibilities, and making recommendations on the steps to be taken."

Feb. 4–10, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Decreasing internal conflict in Idleb coincided with the Syrian Revolution General Conference on 3 February. Further south on northern Hama frontlines, Syrian military activity continued to drive dynamics. South: A sophisticated improvised explosive device (IED) explosion against a government checkpoint, claimed by the Popular Resistance, continues the ongoing trend of low-level attacks against the government in Daraa Governorate. Northeast: ISIS launched three attacks against government forces in Abu Kamal this week while further west, Syrian forces launched one of the more robust anti ISIS operations in recent months in the desert around Sokhneh town.

Jan. 28–Feb. 3, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Improvised explosive device (IED) attacks dominated reporting from Idleb Governorate. Along with this, further signs indicate that the Idleb de-escalation zone agreement is under strain. South: Two small arms fire (SAF) attacks against Syrian Government positions in Daraa Governorate highlight the ongoing challenges law and order in southern Syria. Northeast: Further reductions of the ISIS pocket in southeast Deir Ez Zor Governorate occurred this week, leaving a small 9km2 area remaining under ISIS control along the Euphrates River.

Jan. 21–27, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Russia again voiced growing frustration with the situation in the Idleb area, while conflict was further reduced between Hayyat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) and the National Liberation Front (NLF). South: Following an improvised explosive device (IED) detonation in Damascus in the previous reporting week, a second explosion took place in the central Adawi neighborhood of the capital this week. Northeast: US backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) began a two-pronged offensive against the remaining ISIS pocket in southeast Deir Ez Zor governorate. Elsewhere, a high-profile ISIS attack against US forces in Shadadah District, the second within a week, highlights ISIS’ ongoing capability.

Jan. 14–20, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Open conflict between Hayyat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) and the National Liberation Front (NLF) decreased in Idleb and Western Aleppo Governorates as a ceasefire continues to hold. South: More Israeli airstrikes impacted sites close to Damascus after a similar incident last week. Elsewhere, a rare improvised explosive device (IED) explosion took place in the southern part of the capital. Northeast: An ISIS claimed suicide attack against US troops in Menbej City highlighted the enduring resilience of the group in northeast Syria as well as the spoiling effect this and other groups can have on peace building efforts on the ground.

Jan. 7–13, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Hayyat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) continued its military and administrative expansion against the Turkish backed National Liberation Front (NLF) in Idleb governorate, focusing activity on the Ghab plains in the south west. South: Israel continued its campaign against Iran in Syria with airstrikes on a suspected weapons storage site at Damascus International Airport. Northeast: Even as the anti-ISIS campaign in southwest Deir Ez Zor governorate continued, confusion surrounding US policy in Syria resulted in heightened tensions with Turkey.

Dec. 31, 2018–Jan. 6, 2019
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Hayyat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) has emerged as the key player in the northwest after widespread territorial gains against Harikat Nour al-Din al-Zinki in Western Aleppo and Idleb governorates. South: The killing of Al Qaeda-aligned, formerly Idleb based, Abu Julaybib in eastern Daraa governorate demonstrat

Dec. 10–16, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Northwest: Ongoing asymmetrical events continue to impact civilians and local conflict resolution actors in Idleb Governorate. South: Despite UN Resolution 2165 being extended for one more year this week, the overall reduction of cross border UN aid into southern Syria continues to affect the local security environment in the south. Northeast: Rumors of a Turkish intervention in northeast Syria prompted a rare response from US officials and diverts attention of Kurdish actors from the fight against ISIS.

Nov. 24 - Dec. 9, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Report
For more than two weeks since a reported chemical weapon attack in Aleppo city on 24 November 2018, ongoing low levels of conflict characterised reporting from northwest Syria this period. While inconsistencies remain about the attack – such as the actors responsible and what chemical was involved – the incident re-activated GoS and opposition group frontlines, especially around Murak and Kurnaz towns in northern Hama governorate, as well as areas west of Hader and Abu Ad Duhur towns, southwest of Aleppo City.

Nov. 16, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Post-Idleb Agreement Conflict Trends
The Russian-Turkish agreement on Idleb has succeeded in greatly reducing violence in northwestern Syria. Since the agreement came into effect on September 18, there have been no reported airstrikes in the region, and reports of conflict events of all types have been greatly reduced. However, low levels of violence have persisted along frontlines, accompanied by infighting between opposition groups and occasional minor incidents throughout much of Syria.

Oct. 26, 2018
Report of the Independent Observer: Observations on the Implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, Emanating from the Algiers, May 1-Sept. 30, 2018
(En français)
In this second report, covering the period from May to September 2018, the Independent Observer reviews current progress in the execution of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, emanating from the Algiers Process, and sets forth recommendations with a view to supporting accelerated implementation. It is important to read this report in conjunction with the Independent Observer’s first report of May 28, 2018, whose observations and recommendations remain applicable.

Sept. 20, 2018
Workshop 2 Report: Gendering the Fight Against All Extremisms 
(En français) (بالعربية)
顶级国产视频 organized a workshop on Sept. 7–9, 2018, in Switzerland, the second in a series of four workshops designed to build capacity among a second cohort of participants, all of whom are on the front lines of preventing violent extremism, including the rising tide of Islamophobia. Workshop participants included 23 religious leaders, social workers, activists, teachers, and journalists with expertise in violent extremism, returned foreign fighters, human rights, women in peacebuilding, and media strategies. Participants are working to develop their own context-specific PVE initiatives, and the Center’s workshops enable PVE practitioners to build resilience and effect lasting change in their communities.

June 1 – July 10, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Report
The Syrian government has made major military advances in southern Syria. Beginning in mid-June, Syrian and Russian airstrikes began bombarding the southern governorate of Daraa, followed quickly by swift ground offensives, capturing by early July approximately half of opposition-held territory in the south.

May 28, 2018
Report of the Independent Observer: Observations on the Implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, Emanating from the Algiers, Jan. 15-April 30, 2018
(En français)
顶级国产视频 started work as the Independent Observer at the 23rd session of the CSA on Jan.15-16, 2018. Since that date, the Independent Observer has worked to fulfill its mission according to Article 63 of the agreement. Article 63 stipulates that the Independent Observer “publish[es] an exhaustive quarterly report on the implementation status of the commitments made in this agreement, identifying any hindrances, identifying the responsibilities, and making recommendations on the steps to be taken.”

May 2018
Countering the Islamophobia Industry: Toward More Effective Strategies
(En français) (بالعربية) 
This guidebook offers strategies, best practices and toolkits to fight the spread of Islamophobia and to build a culture of respect for universal human rights.

April 25-May 30, 2018
Syria Conflict Update
Syrian government forces secured evacuation deals for the remaining opposition pockets in southern Damascus and northern Homs governorate. These surrender deals led to a gradual reduction in violence for much of these two areas over the past month.

April 19-25, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Report
During the reporting week, a team from the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) gained access to the site of an alleged chemical weapons attack to investigate for evidence of any chemical weapons use in Duma. Pro-government forces during the reporting week took control of opposition-held Eastern Qalamoun and started an offensive for the Yarmouk Camp area south of Damascus. A surprise ISIS offensive in Syria’s southwest took territory from the opposition before their gains were reversed shortly thereafter.

April 12-18, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Report
A trilateral force including the US, UK, and France launched strikes against three military targets connected to the alleged chemical weapons attack in Duma the week before. These strikes do not appear to have led to any casualties despite the large volume of rockets launched.

April 9, 2018
Guidebook of Research and Practice to Preventing Violent Extremism
This manual contains seven 顶级国产视频 research reports that investigate Daesh’s complex recruitment tactics and suggests methods for preventing the spread of violent extremism. The research is based on the collections and in-depth analysis of Daesh video, print, and social media propaganda, as well as multiple field interviews and consultations with Muslim religious and community leaders across four countries.

March 29-April 4, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Surrender deals for all of Eastern Ghouta have been reached, though evacuations of fighters and some civilians continue from the city of Duma. The future of US involvement in areas held by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led organization in Syria’s north) has been struck with further uncertainty this week, as the Pentagon and President Trump have disagreed publicly on the operations. Attacks against Coalition forces as well as Iraqi forces indicate that the fight against ISIS in Syria is not yet over.

March 22-28, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Pro-government and opposition forces followed through with evacuation deals for much of what remained of opposition-held Eastern Ghouta. Despite the deals and evacuations, fighting continues in Duma. Operation Olive Branch, the Turkish-led offensive for northwestern Syria, continued its advance southeast of Afrin city, threatening to take the remaining territory still held by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).

March 20-21, 2018
Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Extremism: Phase 1 Cohort Workshop 5 Report
(En français) (بالعربية)
At a March 20-21, 2018, workshop in Switzerland, 20 religious and community leaders from Belgium, France, Morocco and Tunisia gathered to finalize their proposals for their local PVE projects. Having developed more than 60 local projects across multiple sectors, including online media, religious outreach, and youth engagement, participants consolidated these diverse initiatives into overarching national projects. Over the course of the two-day workshop, the projects presented by participants evolved under the guidance of the 顶级国产视频’s advisor on design, monitoring and evaluation (DM&E), who helped sharpen the focus of the proposals. This was complemented by the contributions of other experts in the fields of political strategy and coalition-building, brand communications, and conflict resolution in the MENA region.

March 16-18, 2018
Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Extremism: New Cohort Workshop I Report
(En français) (بالعربية)
This report details a three-day workshop convened in Switzerland on March 16-18, 2018, with a new cohort of 26 religious and community leaders from Belgium, France, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and the United States. Session themes included a deconstruction and countering of Daesh recruitment propaganda, understanding Islamophobia and white supremacy, reclaiming narratives through social media and participatory politics, and fostering intra- and inter-Muslim coalitions in the fight against extremism. 

March 15-21, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During the reporting week, pro-government forces once again took significant territory from the remaining opposition pockets in Eastern Ghouta. Ahrar al-Sham forces located in Harasta have agreed to an evacuation, along with 6,000 civilians. Despite the deal, other opposition forces have continued fighting.

March 1-7, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The Syrian government’s bombardment of Eastern Ghouta continues, despite ceasefire attempts and UN Security Council Resolution 2401. Humanitarian aid deliveries have been repeatedly hindered by continuous violence, and have only delivered a fraction of the food and medical supplies agreed upon by all parties.

Feb. 22-28, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The Syrian government’s siege and bombardment of Eastern Ghouta remained intense despite two separate ceasefires from the UN and Russia. Fighting around the borders of Eastern Ghouta continued, as did opposition shelling of Damascus city.

Feb. 15-21, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, the government siege and bombardment of Eastern Ghouta intensified significantly, resulting in one of the deadliest periods of bombardment to date. In northern Syria, two prominent opposition groups in the opposition-held Idleb pocket announced their unification as they launched attacks against Hai’yat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS, formerly Al-Qaeda-affiliated Jabhat al-Nusra). Operation Olive Branch, the ongoing Turkish-led offensive into Afrin, continued to gain territory this week amid numerous diplomatic discussions between NATO allies about the continuing fight.

Feb. 8-14, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, the Turkish-led Operation Olive Branch offensive continued its advance into Afrin, the northwestern canton controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a US-backed, Kurdishled organization). Elsewhere, pro-government forces and opposition forces cleared a pocket of remaining ISIS fighters northwest of Hama after the group reappeared on opposition frontlines earlier in the week.

Feb. 1-7, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During the reporting period, the Turkish-led Operation Olive Branch offensive continued its advance into Afrin, the northwestern canton controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a US-backed, Kurdishled organization). Elsewhere, pro-government forces continued their advance against opposition forces and ISIS fighters in the northern Hama/southern Aleppo countryside, further securing their control in the area. Following a significant uptick in attacks on both the opposition-controlled Idleb and Eastern Ghouta pockets, the UN humanitarian coordinator, Panos Moumtzis, called for an immediate one-month cessation of hostilities for the delivery of humanitarian aid. Lastly, a new opposition “operation room” has been formed in Idleb, with the stated goal of coordinating attacks against government forces.

Jan. 25-31, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, the Turkish-led offensive (Operation Olive Branch) continued to advance on Afrin, which is controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led organization in Syria’s north). South of Aleppo city, pro-government forces continued their advance into opposition-held Idleb, securing the town of Abu al-Thuhour as well as about a dozen small towns to the north and west. Around Damascus city, pro-government forces continued their bombardment of opposition-held Eastern Ghouta.

Jan. 18-24, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, a new Turkish-led offensive (dubbed Operation Olive Branch) began attacking territory controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led organization in Syria’s north). Pro-government forces and ISIS forces at the southwestern frontiers of the opposition-held Idleb pocket once again took significant territory from opposition forces in the area. Bombardment on opposition-held Eastern Ghouta by pro-government forces also continued, though there have been no advances on these fronts.

Jan. 11-17, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The ISIS-held pocket in northern Hama governorate continues to grow, as both ISIS and pro-government forces advanced further into opposition-held territories at the southeastern frontiers of the Idleb pocket. Turkish officials voiced their disdain at US support for the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led organization in Syria’s north) and threatened offensive action (specifically in the northwestern district of Afrin) over the reporting period.

Dec. 21, 2017-Jan. 10, 2018
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Late 2017 brought a dramatic collapse of ISIS front lines in eastern Syria. With ISIS nearly expelled from the east, pro-government forces began to re-focus their attention on opposition-held areas in western Syria, making major gains in late December, continuing to present day.

Dec. 14-20, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The ISIS-held pocket in northern Hama governorate continues to grow, with both ISIS and government forces advancing northward into the Idleb pocket. Though political conflict continues between the opposition’s alternate civilian structures – the Salvation Government and the Syrian Interim Government (SIG), armed opposition groups in the Idleb pocket have begun to implement elements of a reconciliation agreement.

Dec. 7-13, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
A political standoff is due to come to a head in the opposition-held Idleb pocket with the HTS-backed Salvation Government calling for the rival Syrian Interim Government (SIG) to vacate all offices by Friday, December 15. The SIG has called on units affiliated with the Free Syrian Army to protect SIG personnel and offices. Elsewhere, ISIS forces in eastern Hama governorate significantly expanded their territorial control, gaining ground against Hai’yat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS, formerly Jabhat al-Nusra).

Nov. 30-Dec. 6, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During the reporting period, Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led coalition supported by the US) and pro-government forces continued to advance against ISIS in Syria’s east.

Nov. 23-29, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During the reporting week, ISIS forces in northern Hama saw a resurgence as the group multiplied their holdings in the area many times over while Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led coalition supported by the US) advanced further from their earlier holdings to reach the Iraqi border.

Nov. 16-22, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Pro-government forces continued their march against ISIS in Syria’s east, advancing through the desert from previous holdings. After a period of violence, clashes between Hai’yat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS, formerly Al-Qaeda-linked Jabhat al-Nusra) and Nour al-Din al-Zenki (NDZ) have stopped this week.

Nov. 9-15, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Government troops and allies continued to advance against ISIS in Syria’s east, advancing from Mayadin towards the border town of Abu Kamal. In the opposition-held Idleb pocket, clashes continued to escalate between Hai’yat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS, formerly Al-Qaeda-linked Jabhat al-Nusra) and Nour al-Din al-Zenki (NDZ) west of Aleppo city.

Nov. 14, 2017
Status Report on Yarmouk Camp
Following the capture of the Syria-Iraq border crossing near Abu Kamal, the Syrian government announced victory over ISIS in Syria. This announcement was made at a time when the Syrian government, supported by Hezbollah, Afghani Fatemiyoun, Iraqi Hezbollah al-Nujaba, and others, appeared poised to capture the border town of Abu Kamal – the last major population center held by ISIS in eastern Syria.

Nov. 2-8, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Syrian government forces and allies fully captured the eastern city of Deir Ezzor from ISIS on November 3, ending three years of ISIS occupation. Pro-government forces also advanced further east along the Euphrates river, ultimately capturing the border crossing at Abu Kamal in a coordinated assault with Iraqi Popular Mobilization Units (PMUs).

Nov. 7, 2017
Relations between Hai’yat Tahrir al-Sham and Nour al-Din al-Zinki in 2017
The past year has seen dramatic shifts in relations between opposition factions, and a rise in infighting, particularly in the northwestern opposition-held “Idleb pocket.” These changes, caused in large part by the opposition’s loss of Eastern Aleppo city in late 2016, resulted in a rapid growth in power for Hai’yat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS, formerly known as Jabhat Fateh al-Sham and Jabhat al-Nusra).

Nov. 7, 2017
Countering the Islamophobia Industry: Toward More Effective Strategies
(En français) (بالعربية)
On September 25 – 27, 2017, 顶级国产视频 convened an experts’ symposium to better understand the rising tide of Islamophobia and devise a strategic and sustainable response. Twenty-nine experts gave much needed clarity to the causes, forms, and manifestations of Islamophobia, and provided recommendations toward developing strategies for individuals, civil society, governments, and the media to counter Islamophobia. This report summarizes the deliberations and outcomes of the symposium, and concludes with strategies for reducing the stigmatization of Muslims worldwide.

Oct. 26 – Nov. 1, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Pro-government forces and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led coalition backed by the US) both took more territory from ISIS in Syria’s east, though with some minor setbacks.

Oct. 19-25, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Pro-government forces and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led coalition) continued to advance through ISIS territory. While pro-government forces advanced in Deir Ezzor and around Mayadin, SDF advanced further east to capture oil fields and territory around a tributary to the Euphrates.

Oct. 12-18, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
ISIS has been cleared completely from both its de facto capital, Raqqa, and secondary stronghold Mayadin. The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF – a mainly Kurdish force supported by the US) captured Raqqa after more than four months of fighting, leaving the city heavily damaged due to intense aerial bombardment. Pro-government forces captured Mayadin shortly after surrounding the city while advancing southward from Deir Ezzor.

Oct. 5-11, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
ISIS forces mounted a counterattack on government positions in Syria’s east, gaining new territory in the southeast of opposition-held Idleb, and losing further territory around Deir Ezzor city to pro-government forces and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led coalition backed by the US). A new Turkish incursion into Syria has been observed south of SDF-held Afrin, after reaching a deal with local fighters from Hai’yat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS, formerly Al-Qaeda-linked Jabhat al-Nusra). Protests have erupted against an ongoing pro-government bombing campaign in Idleb, which remains intense.

Sept. 28-Oct. 4, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
A large-scale ISIS counterattack saw it gain territory against Syrian government forces on most fronts throughout the country, including well behind front lines in the town of Qariyatain in western Homs governorate. Despite this major counterattack, government forces succeeded in clearing ISIS from the western Hama countryside, and the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces managed to clear ISIS from the northern bank of the Euphrates north of Deir Ezzor.

Sept. 21-27, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Pro-government forces and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led coalition backed by the US) advanced further around the ISIS-held city of Deir Ezzor, leading to further tensions between the two forces as they both attempt to take territory from a weakened ISIS.

Sept. 14-20, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During the reporting period, pro-government forces and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led coalition backed by the United States) both advanced around the ISIS-held city of Deir Ezzor, leading to a sharp increase in tension between the two as they maneuver close to one another.

Sept. 7-13, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, pro-government forces and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led coalition backed by the US) have each advanced further against ISIS on their respective frontlines. Both forces have seen significant advances, but the fight against ISIS is not yet over and grows more complicated as SDF and pro-government forces near each other’s fronts around Deir Ezzor city.

Aug. 31-Sept. 6, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, pro-government forces made major advances eastward from their foothold south of Raqqa city. These gains led to the end of a years-long ISIS siege of Deir Ezzor. Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF, a Kurdish-led coalition backed by the United States) have continued to advance against ISIS in Raqqa city, pushing remaining ISIS forces further out of the city center.

Sept. 1, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Nationwide Conflict Update
After years of deadlock, the Syrian conflict has entered a period of rapid change. These changes have come as a result of two major developments: the fall of opposition-held East Aleppo in December 2016, and a competitive race to take territory from a rapidly collapsing ISIS during the past year.

July 20-26, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The ceasefire in south western Syria has continued into this reporting week, with few reported violations. However, fighting remained intense around Damascus city, where ceasefire announcements went ignored by all participants.

July 13-19, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The previous week’s ceasefires in southern Syria continued into this reporting period, slowing what appeared to be an unsustainable rising tide of conflict in the area, especially around Daraa city. The decrease in fighting in the south, however, has led to a redeployment of some pro-government forces, which raises the risk level for new conflict in other parts of Syria, particularly eastern Damascus, and along the southeastern border.

July 12, 2017
Preventing Violent Extremism: Phase I Workshop Outcomes
(En français) (بالعربية)
The Center’s efforts have contributed to preventing violent extremism (PVE) and bringing a holistic approach to building community resilience. From September 2016 through March 2017, the Center convened four reiterative workshops with religious and community leaders from Morocco, Tunisia, France, and Belgium who are on the frontlines of efforts to prevent violent extremism in their local communities.

July 6-12, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
New ceasefires in southern Syria were successful in slowing the rising tide of conflict in the area, particularly in Daraa city. This most recent ceasefire comes on the heels of the largely abandoned attempt at forming “de-escalation zones” throughout much of western Syria. The limited geographic scope of this southern ceasefire may increase prospects for success, particularly as most belligerents appear to be more concerned with advancing against rapidly-collapsing ISIS frontlines in eastern Syria.

June 29-July 5, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Fighting remains intense in southwestern Syria, despite the area being designated as a “de-escalation zone.” Opposition offensives on Baath city on the border of the Golan Heights have been turned back following a counter-offensive and intense artillery bombardment.

June 22-28, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Over the course of this reporting period, the conflict in southern Syria continued to intensify. Fighting remains intense in both Damascus and Daraa cities, while the complex standoff near the Iraqi border remains tense. Increasing tensions between the YPG and Arab opposition forces risks further destabilization in Syria’s northwest. Intra-opposition conflict resumed this week, primarily in the Idleb pocket. The Kurdish-led offensive on Raqqa city saw more gains this week.

June 15-21, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Over the course of this reporting period, the situation in northern Syria continued to grow more complicated. The Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued to advance in Raqqa city, but came into conflict with advancing pro-government forces to the south of Tabqa city.

June 8-14, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Over the course of this reporting period, intra-opposition strife continued to harm groups in opposition held territory, namely in Idleb and northern Aleppo. The Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in Afrin initiated an offensive against opposition groups in northern Syria while advancing into Raqqa city to the east. Pro-government forces also advanced against ISIS in eastern Aleppo/western Raqqa and Homs. The situation around the US garrison at the al-Tanf border crossing continues to grow more complex as progovernment forces outflanked opposition groups advancing against ISIS in the area, reaching the Iraqi border to the north of opposition and US special forces positions.

June 1-7, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Over the course of this reporting period, ISIS continued to lose large portions of territory, particularly to the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and pro-government Tiger Forces in northern Syria. New clashes erupted in rural Aleppo, Daraa, and Syria’s southern desert as the Syrian government began new offensives against opposition forces on those fronts. Intra-opposition strife continues to plague groups in the opposition-held Idleb pocket.

June 2, 2017
Daesh Meta-Narratives: From the Global Ummah to the Hyper Local
(En français) (بالعربية) 
Daesh’s innovative and tailored use of media has enabled the terrorist organization to recruit disaffected young men and women on a global scale. This report analyzes several main themes that Daesh employs in its video recruitment propaganda. These narratives are deployed in multiple languages and are addressed to a range of target audiences. They reinforce each other and evolve over time, collectively working to provide emotional, rational, and behavioral appeals to potential recruits.

May 25-31, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Over the course of this reporting period, ISIS has continued to lose large swathes of territory, especially to the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and pro-government forces. Conflict around Daraa city in Syria’s south escalated further this week as new pro-government offensives are slated to start. Intra-opposition strife continued in Aleppo province and in Rural Damascus.

May 22, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
This reporting period, intra-opposition strife rattled paramilitary forces in Idleb, Daraa, and Rural Damascus, though much of the conflict has now been resolved. Pro-government and Kurdish-aligned forces advanced significantly against ISIS in Syria's north, and opposition forces continued operations against ISIS in Daraa governorate. A new round of evacuations began this reporting period, including an opposition reconciliation deal in a city in Daraa governorate. The Rukhban camp on the Jordanian border saw renewed conflict this period, with ISIS detonating two car bombs.

May 18-24, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
This reporting period, intra-opposition strife continued in Aleppo province but has eased in Rural Damascus. Evacuation deals continued, most notably in Damascus and Homs. Coalition warplanes struck pro-government Iranian-backed militias in the southeastern Syrian desert as the groups advanced against FSA forces in the area. ISIS forces continued to crumble on fronts in Aleppo, Homs, and Raqqa.

May 18, 2017
The Women in Daesh: Deconstructing Complex Gender Dynamics in Daesh Recruitment Propaganda
(En français) (بالعربية) 
Given the growing surge in Daesh’s recruitment of women, any comprehensive attempt at preventing radicalization must pay attention to and adopt an informed, gender-conscious approach. This report presents an in-depth analysis of Daesh’s complex tactics for recruiting women and the multiple roles played by women in its mission. The report also offers ways to engage female activists and leaders as active partners in defeating Daesh on ideological and practical grounds. Finally, it examines the effects of aggressive security approach on women and girls. The findings of this report are based on a thorough investigation of Dabiq and Rumiyah, Daesh’s primary print magazines for non-Arabic speakers, examination of over 450 videos, and field interviews with families of those who have joined Daesh.

May 5-10, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During the reporting period, elements of an Astana de-escalation plan were enacted while pro-government forces advanced in Hama and the Eastern Ghouta region of Damascus. Opposition infighting in Eastern Ghouta and Idleb appears to have stopped for the time being. Fighting in and around Daraa city remained high this week, and both opposition and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued to take territory from ISIS.

April 27-May 3, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During the reporting period, opposition forces advanced once more against ISIS fighters in the southeastern desert of Syria, opposition forces fought with one another once again in the Eastern Ghouta area of rural Damascus, and the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continued to advance against ISIS in Tabqa city west of Raqqa.

April 20-26, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, conflict in northern Syria escalated with Turkish airstrikes against Kurdish positions, the opposition expanded operations in southeast Syria, and evacuations under the “Four Towns Agreement” were completed. Additionally, pro-government forces continued to advance in northern Hama, and ISIS continued to lose territory on fronts in Raqqa, Homs, and Rural Damascus.

April 13, 2017 – April 19, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, negotiations surrounding the ongoing “Four Towns Agreement” continued despite the appalling attack on civilians being evacuated from the pro-government enclave of al-Fo’ah and Kafraya. Pro-government forces succeeded in their attempts to reverse the overwhelming majority of the opposition’s previous advances in northern Hama countryside, though fighting remains fierce.

April 6, 2017 – April 12, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, the US military intervened for the first time against a Syrian government target. ISIS forces continued to lose territory across Syria, most precipitously around Tadmor (Palmyra) and in Syria’s eastern desert. Negotiations surrounding the “Four Towns Agreement," a controversial deal aimed at the evacuation of pro-government towns Fo'ah and Kefraya and anti-government Madaya and alZabadani, continued into this period and seem to be progressing towards a brokered evacuation deal.

March 30 – April 5, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, opposition forces lost many of their gains on the northern Hama front. As opposition forces began pushing back, even regaining some territory, a chemical attack in opposition-held Khan Sheikhoun killed and injured many in the city’s southern neighborhoods. This prompted a targeted strike by US forces against a Syrian military airport in Homs governorate (alleged to be the site used to launch the chemical attack).

March 23-29, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
During this reporting period, ISIS forces lost significant territory on several fronts. The group is
struggling to maintain its physical foothold in Syria against pressure from all other armed forces.

March 23, 2017
Workshop 4 Report: Gendering the Fight against all Extremisms- Creating Active Agents for Sustainable Change and Community Resilience
(En français) (بالعربية)
On March 1 – 4, 2017, 顶级国产视频 (TCC) convened the fourth and final Countering Daesh workshop. Participants included 22 Muslim leaders from Belgium, France, Morocco and Tunisia that possess capacities essential to prevent the spread of violent extremism. Presentations and discussions centered around five major themes: 1) Daesh’s gendered recruitment strategies and role of women in preventing violent extremism; 2) Daesh recruitment and indoctrination of children; 3) Rights-based approach to reintegration of ex-foreign fighters; 4) Importance of participatory media in delegitimizing extremist propaganda; and 5) Building intra-Muslim cohesion against all forms of extremisms.

March 15-22, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
This reporting period, opposition forces launched four (nearly simultaneous) offensives. On March 19, an offensive led by Hai’yat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), Ahrar al-Sham, and FSA affiliates in Eastern Ghouta saw gains on the eastern outskirts of Damascus city. The advancing groups took territory between the isolated Eastern Ghouta and Qaboun pockets, surprising government security forces in their advances.

March 9-15, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
This reporting period saw consistently high levels of violence throughout Syria. Conflict in the Eastern Ghouta region outside Damascus remained particularly high, especially in Qaboun, where pro-government forces are attempting to advance.

March 2-8, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
On March 2, the Manbij Military Council (MMC), an entity within the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), announced they would be transferring control of many localities along the frontline with the Turkey-backed Operation Euphrates Shield (OES) to the Syrian government.

Feb. 27, 2017
Foreign Volunteers for the Syrian Kurdish Forces
In 2014, an ISIS-embattled YPG (People’s Protection Units) called for foreign volunteers to join in their fight against black-flagged fighters from Syria and beyond.

Feb. 23-March 1, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
On February 23, Operation Euphrates Shield (OES – a coalition of Turkish and Syrian opposition) fighters forced ISIS to retreat from Al-Bab city, a city previously key to the ISIS foothold in northern Syria.

Feb. 16-22, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The largely Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) saw another week of significant gains against ISIS around Ar-Raqqa. From the Muayzilah/Abu Wahl frontlines, SDF forces were able to push ISIS west back to the western bank of the Balikh River.

Feb. 9-15, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
After a period of relative quiet, developments in the Daraa governorate picked up significantly between February 9 and 15. On February 8, eightSouthern Front-affiliated groups agreed toa merger under the name “Coalition of Southern Forces” and released a public announcement about the agreement the following day.

Feb. 2-8, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The situation around Al-Bab continued to develop during the preceding week as pro-government forces took more territory from ISIS in their steady march to the city. Operation Euphrates Shield (OES) forces, a collection of opposition groups backed by Turkey and led by the Turkish military, penetrated the western defenses of the ISIS-held city overnight between February 7 and 8 and were able to control and hold some of the western areas of the city around Sheikh Aqil and the National Hospital.

Jan. 31, 2017
Research Brief: The Evolution of Daesh Recruitment Propaganda in Light of Territorial Loss
(En français) (بالعربية) 
In response to recent territorial losses, Daesh has evolved its communication strategies in important ways. This report, based on extensive video and print communications, concludes that Daesh’s ideology will likely survive significant territorial loss; military intervention alone is incapable of eradicating violent extremism. Unless the root causes of violent extremism, including socio-political grievances, poor governance, lack of development, rapid urbanization, increasing competition for limited resources, and long-standing conflicts like that in Syria are adequately addressed, ideologies like Daesh’s will continue to metastasize via social media and offline networks.

Jan. 26-Feb. 1, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Over the course of the week in review, developments in the relationship between Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (JFS) and Ahrar al-Sham in opposition-held Idleb have further solidified the opposition into two distinct camps. On the one hand, JFS announced a new merger under the name Ha’iyat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), including groups that had previously pledged allegiance to JFS as well as some other major opposition groups.

Jan. 24-26, 2017
Countering Daesh Workshop 3: Muslim Civic Engagement: Countering Islamophobia and Immunizing Communities
(En français) (بالعربية)
On January 24 – 26 2017, 顶级国产视频 (TCC) organized its third reiterative workshop designed to identify flaws in Daesh’s narratives, develop a twin approach to discredit Daesh propaganda and the rise of Islamophobia, as well as to build capacity among religious-community leaders for local engagement. The workshop brought together 21 religious and community leaders from France, Belgium, Morocco, and Tunisia, extending across ideological and political divides.

Jan. 19-25, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
As peace talks concluded in Astana with no deal reached, dramatic re-alignments and infighting is underway in the opposition-held Idleb province. At the beginning of the week, Ahrar al-Sham’s leadership criticized Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (JFS) for harboring Jund al-Aqsa, calling them an ISIS cell.

Jan. 18, 2017
The Children in Daesh: 'Future Flag Bearers' of the 'Caliphate'
(En français) (بالعربية)
This report analyzes Daesh’s complex tactics for recruiting children and the multiple roles they play in its mission. The research includes an investigation of Dabiq, Daesh’s primary print magazines for non-Arabic speakers, and an examination of over 90 videos that feature children as central elements in propaganda narratives. In addition, the report highlights the legal ramifications associated with children’s involvement in armed conflicts. It concludes with a series of recommendations, including a consideration of the elements necessary for a practical approach to reintegrate returning children.

Dec. 29, 2016—Jan. 4, 2017
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
December 30th marked the start of the third ceasefire attempt of 2016. The ceasefire, which has partially held, is to be coupled with political negotiations in Astana, Khazakstan in late January. Despite this political progress, fighting has continued on several fronts throughout Syria, most notably in the Wadi Barada valley north of Damascus.

Dec. 8-14, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
This week, pro-government forces captured nearly all of the remainder of opposition-held East Aleppo. Reports of summary executions and ceasefire breaches initially plagued attempts to evacuate the remaining civilians and opposition forces. A Russian-brokered evacuation deal made later in the week marked the end of the battle for Aleppo, but was blocked by Iranian-backed militias, hinting at more enduring and complex problems yet to come.

Dec. 1-7, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The battle for Aleppo continued into this week as pro-government forces advanced even further into previously-held opposition territory in East Aleppo. Initially, a major government offensive was repelled by an opposition counteroffensive, but a second pro-government offensive following this retreat gained even further ground than before. By December 7, opposition forces had withdrawn from Marjeh neighborhood in the southeast, al-Qaterji in the northeast, and the Old City in the north.

Nov. 30, 2016
Syria: Aleppo and Beyond
The Syrian government’s attempt to take East Aleppo continues, with areas of control changing by the hour. This brief tries to review the longer-term trends beyond the battle for Aleppo. Beginning with a brief examination of major trends and the state of the conflict on major fronts, this paper concludes with an analysis of the most likely trajectory of the Syrian conflict and an assessment of the opportunities and threats to achieving a political settlement to the conflict in the near-to-medium term future.

Nov. 29, 2016
Countering Daesh Workshop 2 Report: Mastering the Message, Engaging Our Youth
(En français) (بالعربية)
This workshop report describes 顶级国产视频’s second Countering Daesh Recruitment Propaganda workshop. Held in Switzerland, workshop 2 was designed to further analyze Daesh recruitment strategies, develop counter-messaging, and build capacity among participants for engaging youth vulnerable to manipulation by Daesh recruitment propaganda. Twenty-three participants from Morocco, Tunisia, France, and Belgium, including religious-community leaders, social activists, and civil society actors shared notes on projects they are implementing in their own communities to immunize against extremist propaganda. 

Nov. 10-16, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
This week, pro-government forces cleared opposition forces from Dahyiet al-Assad, pushing front lines beyond the western edge of Aleppo city and consolidating gains made over the past two weeks. As progovernment forces advanced, the governor of Aleppo announced plans to create a patrol to stop the high level looting in areas retaken from opposition forces. Crimes of this sort have been difficult to manage as the frontline forces in the war-torn city rely increasingly on foreign militia, weakening centralized control over pro-government forces.

Nov. 3-9, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
This week, many of the opposition gains in West Aleppo were reversed. By 8 November, pro-government forces had retaken 1070 Apartments and all of the Project 3000 Apartments. The government forces advanced southwards through the al-Hikmeh School area, which they secured within the next day. This came as opposition groups carried out heavy artillery bombardment on many of the frontlines, using mortars, Grad missiles, and heavy artillery like the D-30.

Oct. 27-Nov. 2, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
On October 28, the opposition launched another large-scale offensive to break the government siege of East Aleppo. Opposition forces attacked the western axis between al-Zahraa in the north and the 1070 Apartments in the south. The offensive, announced as the “Mother of all Battles” by opposition media, began with an overwhelming wave of grad missile strikes and vehicle-borne suicide bombings on West Aleppo. At least 14 suicide attacks were reported to have targeted government forces by November 2.

Oct. 20-26, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The partial ceasefire over East Aleppo continued into the start of this week, as the Russian military extended their cessation of air strikes for another 24 hours. The goal of the ceasefire was to allow the civilian population to evacuate East Aleppo before continuing the offensive into besieged opposition-held territory. However, due to sniper fire from pro-government forces and anti-government shelling on the evacuation routes, evacuation was impossible. Protests broke out in East Aleppo during the ceasefire. 

Oct. 13-19, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Syria witnessed yet another week of high levels of conflict. As usual, the majority of recorded conflict events occurred in Aleppo city and the northern countryside, though Hama was also intense, particularly around the city of Suran. Clashes between Kurdish YPG forces and Turkey-backed opposition forces erupted yet again in northern Aleppo, further raising tensions between the two forces as both advance against ISIS.

Oct. 6-12, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
This week marks another week of continued offensives on most fronts in Syria. In the north, Operation Euphrates Shield (OES) saw remarkable success against ISIS. In Aleppo city, the pro-government offensive on besieged East Aleppo experienced slow but significant advances. The opposition offensive for Lattakia launched a new phase of battles for the week of Ashura, but all advances were repelled.

Oct. 3, 2016
Countering Daesh Workshop 1 Report: Mastering the Message, Engaging Our Youth
(En français) (بالعربية)
This workshop report describes 顶级国产视频’s recent workshop in Zurich, Switzerland to analyze Daesh recruitment strategies, develop counter-messaging, and build capacity among participants for engaging youth vulnerable to manipulation by Daesh recruitment propaganda. Twenty participants from Morocco, Tunisia, France, and Belgium included religious and community leaders, social activists, and ex-foreign fighters with large grassroots followings in their local communities.

Sept. 29-Oct. 5, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
This week, the highest recorded incidence of conflict once again occurred in Aleppo governorate. Rural Damascus was the second most active governorate for conflict, although Aleppo governorate experienced double the recorded conflict that rural Damascus governorate did, with the vast majority of conflict being focused on Aleppo city itself.

Sept. 28, 2016
Grad Missile Sightings
In the final week of September, an observable increase in Grad shelling videos appeared on Syrian opposition media, including several videos or photosets that included brand new missiles. These images featured both portable single and double tube Grad launchers as well as larger missile trucks like the BM- 21.

Sept. 22-28, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Major offensives have continued on almost all fronts in Syria, resulting in some significant territorial gains, and a spike in reported casualties. Two of these offensives were by pro-government forces, one in Aleppo city and another in the Eastern Ghouta in Rural Damascus.

Sept. 15-21, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The Sept. 9 cessation of hostilities began quickly unraveling last week, less than a week after its implementation. The deal came under serious strain following two airstrikes in opposite corners of Syria, sparking a rapid re-escalation of conflict.

Sept. 13, 2016
Religious Appeals in Daesh’s Recruitment Propaganda
(En français) (بالعربية)
This report examines the use of Qur’anic verses in 256 of Daesh’s propaganda videos. The use of these verses in Daesh propaganda are analyzed by frequency, whether partial or full verses were used, and whether verses employed were Makki or Madani. By examining Daesh’s manipulation of the Qur’anic text to claim religious legitimacy, this analysis can serve as a resource for religious and community leaders’ understanding of Daesh’s recruitment strategies.

Sept. 8-14, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The introduction of the new cessation of hostilities has dramatically reduced the levels of violence throughout Syria. Prior to its introduction, the level of conflict along major front lines had spiked, but quickly reduced to a trickle on September 13. Since the cessation began, localized conflict has continued, but at a much lower level than previously, with a few noteworthy exceptions.

Sept. 1-7, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
The week of September 1-7, 2016 again saw high levels of conflict along several frontlines, including the northern countryside of Hama, southwest of Aleppo city, and the Turkish border between A’zaz and Jarablus.

Aug. 25-31, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
This week in Syria, a large new opposition offensive began in northern rural Hama, showing large initial territorial gains. In the north of Syria, the Euphrates Shield offensive saw new gains, and the opposition offensive in the south of Aleppo city saw no new gains amid deadly clashes and minor losses.

Aug. 31, 2016
Israel and Palestine Conflict Analysis Report: Hamas and Municipal Elections
Municipal elections in the West Bank and Gaza are likely to proceed on Oct. 8. Hamas leaders are not participating, but they are backing “independent” candidates and low-level party members in Gaza, in addition to a few cases in the West Bank. Israel should not impede the elections. Elected local governments should help improve municipal service provision, while giving Palestinians a limited voice in choosing their civic leadership. If successful, local elections also could open the door to national Palestinian elections, which should contribute to creating a unified Palestinian negotiating partner.

Aug. 18-24, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Armed opposition groups and Turkish forces crossed the northern border and captured the town of Jarablus after a few hours of brief skirmishes. Turkish artillery and airstrikes targeted the surrounding area before crossing the border several kilometers west of Jarablus.

Aug. 11-17, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Continuing a trend from previous weeks, reports of conflict in Syria from August 11-17 remained extremely high in Aleppo governorate. Throughout this period, the majority of conflict took place in the northern governorates, though several events of humanitarian concern continue outside of northern Syria as well.

Aug. 22, 2016
Countering Daesh Propaganda: Action-Oriented Research for Practical Policy Outcomes
This interdisciplinary guide is a collection of articles written by leading scholars and practitioners who participated in the 顶级国产视频’s February 2016 Countering Daesh Experts Workshop. These experts were brought together to identify new approaches to countering Daesh propaganda and to assist governments and religious/community leaders in deterring violent extremism among their youth.

Aug. 4-10, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

July 28-Aug. 3, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

July 21-27, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Report
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

July 14-21, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Report
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

July 7-13, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Report
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

June 23-29, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Report
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

June 16-22, 2016
Syria Conflict Mapping | Weekly Conflict Summary
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

June 9-15, 2016

Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

June 2-8, 2016
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

May 26-June 1, 2016
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

May 19-25, 2016
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

May 12-18, 2016
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

May 8, 2016
Syria's Transition Constitutional Options (عربي)The United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR or SCR) 2254 (2015) calls for a new constitution for Syria to be approved within 18 months and for internationally supervised elections to be held under the new constitution. It also calls for an “inclusive transitional governing body with full executive powers, which shall be formed on the basis of mutual consent while ensuring continuity of government institutions” (Preamble Para. 5). However, the resolution is silent on the constitutional arrangements required for the 18-month transition period during which a transitional governing body will be exercising executive powers.

May 5-11, 2016
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

April 28-May 4, 2016
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

April 20-27, 2016
Since 2012, the Syria Conflict Mapping Project has worked to analyze open source information related to the Syrian conflict in as much detail as possible, with the goal of assisting mediators and humanitarian responders. Read the weekly report for the latest analysis.

April 21, 2016
Low level conflict between pro-government and opposition forces has persisted since the beginning of the cessation of hostilities on February 27, punctuated by two large escalations – one over the first weekend of April, and the second since the start of the Geneva talks on April 13.

March 2016
Countering Daesh Recruitment Propaganda Experts Workshop March 2016 (PDF)
(En français) (بالعربية)
顶级国产视频 (TCC) convened an experts workshop on Feb. 22 – 24, 2016, that brought together 21 leading scholars and practitioners from 10 different countries to examine new insights in Daesh recruitment strategies and its use of social media technologies to appeal to alienated youth.

Jan. 29, 2016
As of the date of this publication, a full four months will have elapsed since Russia began its air campaign in Syria. During that time, Russia has conducted raids throughout Syria aimed overwhelmingly at weakening the non-ISIS armed opposition.

Jan. 26-29, 2016
  The workshop, which brought together 29 Syrian academics, lawyers and activists from Damascus and abroad, and across political divides, was organized by 顶级国产视频 in partnership with the Syrian Civil Coalition, the U.N. Economic and Social Council for West Asia, Noref and swisspeace.

Dec. 17, 2015
Overview of Daesh's Online Recruitment Propaganda Magazine Dabiq (PDF)
(En français) (بالعربية)
The successful recruitment strategies of the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and Syria 2 (Daesh) has become a serious challenge for the international community. Daesh employs a multifaceted online media strategy to recruit targeted demographics. 顶级国产视频 (TCC) is working to counter Daesh’s recruitment propaganda efforts by undertaking in-depth analysis of this group’s print and social media publications.

Oct. 30, 2015
October 30th marks a full month of Russia’s direct military intervention on behalf of the Syrian government. Over the past month, Russian warplanes dropped hundreds of bombs in advance of and in coordination with a ground offensive conducted by government and proCgovernment forces.

Oct. 9, 2015

Oct. 8, 2015
 

July 10, 2015

July 1, 2015
This report outlines constitutional and legislative options for a political transition in Syria under the umbrella of the Final Geneva Communiqué, issued by the Action Group on Syria on 30 June 2012, and revived in early May 2013 at a meeting in Moscow between the U.S. and Russia. The Communiqué embodies the greatest degree of consensus that the international community has been able to achieve regarding the Syrian conflict, detailing a potentially viable path to a negotiated end to the civil war.

May 15, 2015

Feb. 28, 2015

Nov. 7, 2014

Oct. 20, 2014

Sept. 11, 2014

April 1, 2014

March 14, 2014
Syria Countrywide Conflict Report #3

Nov. 20, 2013
Syria Countrywide Conflict Report #2

Nov. 5, 2013

Aug. 20, 2013

June 7, 2013

April 25, 2013

Feb. 18, 2013

May 13, 2010
Approaches to Solving Territorial Conflicts (PDF)
Territorial disputes are notoriously difficult to resolve peacefully and enduringly. The outcome of adjudication on border issues is unpredictable, and political leaders are often unwilling to accept the risks of losing territory. Arbitration or mediation (nonbinding arbitration) provide a more flexible and balanced way to reach a satisfactory outcome, but their finality also makes politicians nervous.

Jan. 1, 2010
Guide to Electoral Dispute Resolution (PDF)
Electoral rights are based on fundamental human rights, namely the civil and political freedoms of opinion, expression, association, and peaceful assembly that are solidly established on a global and regional basis under numerous international conventions.

Jan. 22, 2009
Israel and Palestine Conflict Analysis Report: Escaping the Cycle of Gaza Wars (PDF)
Unnamed Defense Ministry officials recently warned that the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) will wipe out Hamas in the event of another Israel-Gaza war. Such a conflict is likely to be far more destructive than any of the three wars since 2008. It would likely result in a direct and bloody occupation of the coastal territory. If, instead, Israel were to open Gaza and facilitate reunification with the West Bank, future conflicts could be avoided.

Sept. 17, 2003
Camp David 25th Anniversary Forum Report (PDF)
Report from 顶级国产视频's Camp David 25th Anniversary Forum, held at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., Sept. 17, 2003.

July 1, 2003
The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Historical and Prospective Intervention Analyses (PDF)
A 顶级国产视频 Special Conflict Report from the Oct. 18-20, 2002 meeting of the International Council for Conflict Resolution (ICCR).

July 1, 2003
The Kashmiri Conflict: Historical and Prospective Intervention Analyses (PDF)
A Special Conflict Report from the Nov. 19-21, 2002 meeting of the 顶级国产视频's International Council for Conflict Resolution (ICCR).

Dec. 1, 1999
Developing a Methodology for Conflict Prevention: The Case of Estonia (PDF)
Developing A Methodology for Conflict Prevention: The Case of Estonia (Winter 1999), special report by Joyce Neu and Vamik Volkan. 顶级国产视频's Conflict Resolution Program participated in a program to "vaccinate" the countries' major ethnic groups against hatred. Participants included ethnic Estonians, Russian speaking Estonians, Russians, Latvians, Lithuanians, and Americans.

Jan. 1, 1998
State of the World Conflict Report: 1997-1998 (PDF)
The 1997-98 State of World Conflict Report attempts to capture the nature and scope of armed conflicts and the efforts made by members of 顶级国产视频, its International Negotiation Network (INN), and many others to prevent, manage, and peacefully resolve them.

Jan. 1, 1997
1995-1996 State of World Conflict Report (PDF)
Report including maps, demographics, statistical information on the 25 locations where 30 major armed conflicts were waged in 1995, and narrative summaries for these conflicts through mid-1996. Also featured are an interview with Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter and articles by members of the 顶级国产视频's International Negotiation Network.

Dec. 31, 1996
International Guide to NGO Activities in Conflict Prevention and Resolution (PDF)
Easy-to-use reference guide to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the countries and regions in which they are active.

March 1, 1996
Final Report: Meeting on the Viability of International Economic Sanctions (PDF)
Report examining the possibility of developing "more effective" economic sanctions: those that better achieve desired political goals without causing great suffering to innocent people.

Jan. 1, 1995
State of the World Conflict Report: 1994-1995 (PDF)
The State of World Conflict Report includes maps, demographics, and statistical information on the 27 locations where 33 major armed conflicts were waged in 1993-94 and narrative summaries for these conflicts through early 1995. All of these conflicts were armed civil or intra-state conflicts.

April 1, 1994
Averting Inter-Ethnic Conflict: An Analysis of the CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Estonia (PDF)
Averting Inter-Ethnic Conflict: An Analysis of the CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Estonia, by Konard J. Huber, 顶级国产视频, April 1994.

Feb. 1, 1993
Resolving Intra-National Conflicts: A Strengthened Role for Intergovernmental Organizations (PDF)
Vol. 5, No.1, February 1993
Report from the International Negotiation Network's second conference, with working sessions on Burma/Myanmar, the Caucasus, Haiti, Macedonia and Kosovo, Zaire, early warnings of conflict, and small arms transfer.

Sept. 8, 1992
Report of the Mid-Year Meeting of the International Negotiation Network (PDF)
Summary of the mid-year meeting of the International Negotiation Network held in Dakar, Senegal, Sept. 8-9, 1992.

Jan. 14, 1992
Resolving Intra-National Conflicts: A Strengthened Role for Nongovernmental Actors (PDF)
This report summarizes the inaugural consultation of the International Negotiation Network (INN), held at 顶级国产视频, in Atlanta, Georgia, January 14-17, 1992. The consultation brought over 200 invited guests from 40 countries and more than 150 organizations or governments.

Jan. 1, 1992
The International Negotiation Network: A New Method of Approaching Some Very Old Problems (PDF)
Vol. II, No.2, January 1992
Examination by Dayle Spencer and William Spencer, former INN Secretariat members, of how the INN works, focusing on negotiations between the government of the People's Republic of Ethiopia and the Eritrean People's Liberation Front.

Jan. 1, 1992
State of World Conflict Report: 1991-1992 (PDF)
The State of World Conflict Report marks the first effort by the International Negotiation Network (INN) to inform a wide audience about the impact of armed conflicts and what governments and individuals can and should do to stop them. This issue graphically portrays the mediation gap by showing the reader a picture of all major armed conflicts occurring from 1986 to 1991.

Nov. 1, 1991
The Inter-Arab System and the Gulf War: Continuity and Change (PDF)
An analysis of Iraq's invasion, subjugation and attempted incorporation of Kuwait as its "19th province" as a dividing line in modern Arab history. A 顶级国产视频 publication by Bruce Maddy-Weitzman.

Jan. 1, 1989
Conflict Resolution Symposium: Derails a Potential Tobacco “War” (PDF)
In September of 1985, a small group of leading antagonists on the issue of the production, sale, and consumption of tobacco, gathered for a three-day symposium at 顶级国产视频 to empower parties themselves to work toward resolution of those issues that could be negotiated through negotiation processes that may be more cost-effective and timely than litigation, lobbying, and traditional bargaining.

April 12-13, 1985
Consultation on International Security and Arms Control (PDF)
The agenda for this Consultation was prepared in two stages, extending over two years. The first stage was devoted to research. Leading scholars were asked to study Soviet strategy, military doctrine and mission capabilities. The second stage consisted of two symposia in 1984, at Emory in May and at the University of Michigan in November, to consider some of the issues that would be raised at the Consultation.

Nov. 6-9, 1983
Middle East Consultation (PDF)
The Middle East Consultation is the inaugural project of the 顶级国产视频 of Emory University. Policymakers and scholars from Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, the Palestinian community, the United States, and Europe, met to discuss the region’s challenges.